Construction of a Therapy program targeting Expressive language in non verbal autistic children

Background Some autistic children remain non verbal even after receiving multiple interventions. There is no obvious cause can explain failure of those autistic children who have adequate cognitive ability and communicative intent to acquire spoken language, except childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) that is treated differently than autism. Little is written about specific therapy programs that apply CAS treatment strategies to promote speech production for non verbal autistic children. Purpose The aim of this work is to detect the effectiveness of a therapy program targeting expressive language for non verbal autistic children by applying CAS treatment strategies. Methods pre – post single subject design in which each child acts as his or her own control. All the twenty children included in the study had been received previous language therapy at least for 6 months before the starting of the study with no improvement in verbal output. Results Of the twenty children enrolled in this study, eighteen children developed spoken language at least multiple single words used both during therapy session and at home. Conclusion a structured conversational language therapy program that apply CAS treatment strategies can help non verbal autistic children to acquire expressive language.

GAYA DAN MAKNA BAHASA TULISAN: KAJIAN DESKRIPTIF CHAT MAHASISWA KEPADA DOSEN

Language as a means of communication can be realized in both spoken and written forms. Understanding the meaning and meaning of written language tends to be more complicated than spoken language. The use of language style with a specific purpose also contributes to the delivery of meaning to the interlocutor. This study discusses how language style and meaning in written language play a role in the communication of two parties. So that the written language that is often used in student and lecturer communication via chat becomes an interesting object of study to discuss. This research is a descriptive type with a qualitative approach. Data were collected through documentation and interviews and then analyzed using tabulation techniques based on literature references in the form of journal articles and books for the last fifteen years. The results showed that the language style used by students in chat was the conversational language with periodic, loose, and balanced sentence characteristics. The choice of words is in the form of standard Indonesian vocabulary with the addition of a metaphor which is influenced by the students' own ability in word choice. There is also the use of logat and certain regional languages in line with the familiarity of the lecturers and students concerned. However, in the meaning and understanding of the language, there is no problem because the context of communication between the two parties has never been far from the realm of academics and lectures. So that good communication is built and politeness in speaking and in written language is carried out properly.

Identifying and describing functional discourse units in the BNC Spoken 2014

On the surface, it appears that conversational language is produced in a stream of spoken utterances. In reality conversation is composed of contiguous units that are characterized by coherent communicative purposes. A large number of important research questions about the nature of conversational discourse could be addressed if researchers could investigate linguistic variation across functional discourse units. To date, however, no corpus of conversational language has been annotated according to functional units, and there are no existing methods for carrying out this type of annotation. We introduce a new method for segmenting transcribed conversation files into discourse units and characterizing those units based on their communicative purposes. In this paper, the development and piloting of this method is described in detail and the final framework is presented. We conclude with a discussion of an ongoing project where we are applying this coding framework to the British National Corpus Spoken 2014.

Discourse-referential patterns as a network of grammatical constructions

Grammatical organization of conversational language presents us with the challenge of incorporating recurrent contextual and discourse-relevant properties in grammatical descriptions, as part of speakers’ conventional knowledge. Using data from conversational Czech extracted from the Czech National Corpus, I address this issue by tracing the relationships among a set of dative-marked expressions of interpersonal relations (traditionally labeled ‘ethical datives’) and their connection to argument-expressing dative NPs. The discourse-referential expressions form a family of distinct patterns, the differences having to do with person (1st, 2nd) and number (sg. vs. pl.); functionally, they range from marking subjectively assessed newsworthiness to signaling evidentiality and solidarity to expressing the speaker’s emotional state. The attendant reorganization of formal, semantic, and discourse features that define these dative-marked items amounts to several patterns – ‘interactional datives’ – and I show that they have the status of grammatical constructions, which are conventionally tied to certain types of discourse settings and speaker-hearer expectations. In order to represent these constructions and their relationship to other, partially related, patterns, I propose a network representation in the form of contiguous functional spaces that overlap at the boundary between argument-expression and interactional markers.

Humans are interpersonal beings – why isn’t science communication interpersonal?

Weak science communication coupled with misinformation and disinformation has resulted in major challenges for environmental decision-makers, particularly in areas of climate change and marine renewable energy. Interpersonal communication strategies provide the means of facilitating a shift to two-way communication, as they encourage science conversations between communicators and citizens. Science communicators should make themselves more personally known to their audiences. They should communicate using shared stories and conversational language to enable them to relate better with their audiences. In addition, institutions, agencies, networks, and organizations should adapt and support the use of interpersonal strategies by their science communicators.

EXTENDING THE VOCABULARY TO 5-6-YEAR-OLD CHILDREN AFTER CORRECTING SOUNDS S-Z; SH-TICK PHONETIC DISORDERS

Children nowadays have insufficient vocabulary, difficulties in expressing their opinion and expressing themselves, difficulties in asking questions and answering them. Therefore, it can be concluded that it is important to improve child's speech and vocabulary, which includes all of the aforementioned elements. Even after eliminating the pronunciation disorders of the sounds s-z and sh-zh, it is necessary to develop the active and passive vocabulary, to ensure that as many words as possible are in the active vocabulary. It is important to improve the grammatical structure of the language, so that children can form longer simple extended sentences instead of sentences consisting of 2-3 words. It is necessary to work on improving the conversational language, so that children, when answering questions, can substantiate their thoughts, attitudes, are able to perceive the essence of the content, preserve it and express themselves in the end. The paper provides information about a set of speech therapy games, developed and approbated by E. Michule, for the enrichment of the vocabulary of 5-6 year old children after the elimination of pronunciation disorders of the sounds s-z and sh-zh, as well as the results obtained in the approbation.

Preparation of Educational Materials with Integration on the Basis of Archipelagic Islam For the Intermediate Level at the Institute of Islamic Study Ma’arif Metro Lampung

This study has the objectives, 1- Preparing integrative teaching materials based on Nusantara Islam for intermediate level, 2-Knowing the characteristics of integrative teaching materials based on Nusantara Islam for intermediate level IAIM NU Metro Lampung, 3- Knowing the extent to which the effectiveness of teaching materials is to improve the four skills in Arabic.This research is an experimental research designed by researchers with pre-test and post-test. While the population of this study were second semester students majoring in English Education, and took 18 students. Results of this study are 1. Completion of teaching materials which have the following stages: Initial analysis, preparation of teaching materials, validation of 2 experts, revision of teaching materials, field trials, revision of teaching materials after implementation in the field, final results. Teaching materials compiled by researchers are in (1) Format and layout arrangements, (2) Module content consisting of instructions for use, learning and evaluation activities, (3) the use of language in teaching materials is conversational language, language of expressions / descriptions, and the natural language of the Prophet's hadith. 3. Teaching materials prepared by researchers are good and effective. This is evidenced by the result of t count (5.67) which is greater than the t table at 0.05% degree of error (2.11).

A Cognitive-Semantic Study of Conceptual Metaphors in English News Reports

This study explores how the development of the conceptual metaphor theory opened new horizons into the way language can be manipulated in the portrayal of the world and our immediate and distant environment of which news, including political news are part. Moreover, political news is the most pervasive type we continually come into contact in our daily communication. Conceptual metaphor is a relation between two conceptual domains, namely, source domain which is concrete, and target domain which is abstract. For example, ARGUMENT IS WAR. We conceptualize and understand "ARGUMENT", the target domain, in terms of "WAR", and the source domain via a process called "mapping". The goal of the study is to carry out a cognitive analysis of conceptual metaphors used in political news reports and how reports of the two newspapers construe political issues reflected in their reports. Accordingly, the study aims to provide answers to such questions as: How common are conceptual metaphors in English news reports of the online political register? What types of conceptual metaphors are used in news reports in English newspapers? How conceptual metaphors are experimentally based to human beings' life experiences? Based upon these research questions, it is hypothesized that Conceptual metaphors are argued to be as common in the news reports of the political register as they are in daily conversational language. Some types of conceptual metaphors are argued to be more common than others in the register in question. Moreover, all the conceptual metaphors are argued to have experiential bases which are related to our life experiences. Index Terms— conceptual metaphor, source domain, target domain, invariance principle, news reports.