The main types of wind turbines-generators in the power supply system

PURPOSE. Conduct a detailed analysis of existing wind turbines. Analyze the role, place and features of the functioning of wind power plants. Provide various options for generators and schemes for converting wind energy into electricity. Provide recommendations for improving the reliability of wind turbines in smart grids.METHODS. The article was prepared using analytical methods, statistical, theoretical, factorial and technical methods.RESULTS. A fixed speed asynchronous generator used in a wind power conversion system (WECS) without a power converter interface draws a significant portion of the reactive power from the grid. This configuration features simple, reliable operation. Wind turbine asynchronous generator with dual power supply. can improve overall power conversion efficiency by performing maximum power point tracking (MPPT), and an increase in speed of about 30% can improve dynamic performance and increase resilience to system disturbances that are not available for turbine types 1 and 2. The use of full-scale 100% power converters will significantly increase the productivity of SPEV wind energy conversion systems, but will slightly increase the cost of the power converter, up to 7% - 12% of the total equipment cost. By using a large number of pole pairs for all types of permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMG), the turbine gearbox can be removed. This type of wind energy conversion system is more resilient to grid disruptions compared to type 1, 2 and 3 wind systems. The review shows that types 3 and 4 technologies are used to most efficiently sell and recycle wind turbines in electricity markets.CONCLUSION. The article analyzes the features of the functioning of wind power plants operating on the grid. Various options for generators and schemes for converting wind energy into electricity are presented. A detailed analysis of existing wind turbines is provided. Recommendations are given for improving the reliability and efficiency of wind power plants in smart grids.

Konflikte um Erneuerbare-Energien-Anlagen im kommunalen Bereich

Given the key role of municipalities in the transformation of the energy system and observing the increased occurrence of conflicts about the construction of renewable energy plants, the author analyses conflicts relating to renewable energy plants from a sociological perspective. For this purpose, she undertakes three case studies on the construction of biogas and wind power plants, focusing in particular on the parties involved in the conflicts and their positions, perceptions, actions and potency. She shows that the conflicting parties were either in favour of the construction of the plants or advocated the preservation of the sites on which the plants were proposed to be built.

A decision making algorithm for wind power plant based on q-rung orthopair hesitant fuzzy rough aggregation information and TOPSIS

<abstract><p>Wind energy is one of the most significant renewable energy sources due to its widespread availability, low environmental impact, and great cost-effectiveness. The effective design of ideal wind energy extraction areas to generate electricity is one of the most critical issues in the exploitation of wind energy. The appropriate site selection for wind power plants is based on the concepts and criteria of sustainable environmental advancement, resulting in a low-cost and renewable energy source, as well as cost-effectiveness and job creation. The aim of this article is to introduce the idea of q-rung orthopair hesitant fuzzy rough set (q-ROHFRS) as a robust fusion of q-rung orthopair fuzzy set, hesitant fuzzy set, and rough set. A q-ROHFRS is a new approach towards modeling uncertainties in the multi-criteria decision making (MCDM). Various key properties of q-ROHFRS and some elementary operations on q-ROHFRSs are established. A list of novel q-rung orthopair hesitant fuzzy rough weighted geometric aggregation operators are developed on the basis of defined operational laws for q-ROHFRSs. Further, a decision making algorithm is developed to handle the uncertain and incomplete information in real word decision making problems. Then, a multi-attribute decision making method is established using q-rung orthopair hesitant fuzzy rough aggregation operators. Afterwards, a practical case study on evaluating the location of wind power plants is presented to validate the potential of the proposed technique. Further, comparative analysis based on the novel extended TOPSIS method is presented to demonstrate the capability of the proposed technique.</p></abstract>

Scaling trends for balance-of-system costs at land-based wind power plants: Opportunities for innovations in foundation and erection

Wind power plant sizes, hub heights, and turbine ratings have increased since 2008 to optimize the cost and performance of wind power; however, the limits of these economies of scale remain unclear. Here, we explore how the costs incurred to install turbines at a wind power plant—the balance-of-system (BOS) costs—scale with turbine rating, hub height, and plant size. We also investigate how these changes in BOS costs influence the levelized cost of energy (LCOE). We show that increasing the plant size from 150 to 400 MW could reduce the BOS costs by 21%. We also show that if the foundation costs decreased by 50%, building a wind power plant with 5-MW turbines (having rotor diameters of 166 m and hub heights of 120 m) could decrease the LCOE by 5%. These results could help inform future BOS cost-reduction opportunities and thereby reduce future capital costs for land-based wind power.

Analysis of the state of hybrid wind power plants and their simulation

The analysis of the provision of wind power plants of low power power supply to different consumers, taking into account the installed capacity and remoteness, is carried out. The expediency of using some design solutions of wind power plants with a horizontal axis of rotation, which are included in the power limitation up to 20 kW, is considered. It was found that low-power hybrid wind turbines equipped with storage devices are the most suitable option for providing power supply to consumers, where there is no centralized power grid within a radius of 20 km. It is noted that the most preferable for use are synchronous alternators over asynchronous or direct current generators. Two technical solutions for the operation of wind turbines are considered, one of which combines the traditional use of the installation with the consumer; and in the other - the connection of the wind turbine with an electric consumer using solar panels, a storage battery and a voltage inverter. It is noted that both options have their own advantages and disadvantages in practice, as well as a feature of the electromechanical system of wind turbines is the unpredictable and uncontrollable input of primary energy of a stochastic air flow, which leads to fluctuations in the output parameters (voltage and current frequency). Therefore, in order to eliminate this drawback and ensure the supply of electricity to consumers, the electricity generated by the generator will be used to charge the storage battery. It is noted that the disadvantages of traditional wind turbines create a significant contradiction, consisting in the emergence of the need to increase their energy efficiency of operation by improving the traditional design, on the one hand, and the inability of existing wind turbines to provide such an increase, on the other hand. In this case, the most rational solution may be the use of a wind turbine design with solar panels, which will ensure the operation of the wind turbine in a windless period and efficient adjustment of electrical payloads with increasing wind speed using the accumulated energy to power the current collectors. When conducting research in the field of wind energy, it is often necessary to use different models. The mathematical model describes a real object only with a certain degree of approximation (detail). In this case, the type of model depends both on the nature of the object under study and on the research tasks, modeling techniques, and the required accuracy of object description. The study proposes a simulation model of a wind power plant in the Simulink software application to estimate the generated power. The dependences of the design power of the wind turbine on the wind speed at three different radii of the wind turbine are obtained. Key words: wind power plant, consumer, installed capacity, renewable energy sources, wind speed, simulation, wind turbine, storage battery, generator, voltage inverter