The new replacement name Euafricana nom. nov. for the preoccupied genus Africana Ocaña & Brito, 2015 (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Scleractinia: Caryophylliidae)

The genus name Euafricana Ceccolini & Cianferoni nom. nov. is proposed to replace the name of the coral Africana Ocaña & Brito, preoccupied by the nematode genus Africana Travossos, 1920. Euafricana wirtzi (Ocaña & Brito, 2015) comb. nov. is also established.

Comparative study of four known species of the genus Acrobeles von Linstow, 1877 (Nematoda, Cephalobidae) with ‘single’ and ‘double’ cuticle from coastal dunes in Spain

The nematode genus Acrobeles is composed of two morphological groups distinguished by the presence (‘double’ cuticle) or absence (‘single’ cuticle) of the refringent inner layer of the cuticle. In the present study, four species of this genus, two with ‘single’ cuticle (Acrobeles ciliatus and Acrobeles cylindricus) and two with ‘double’ (Acrobeles aenigmaticus and Acrobeles complexus) are studied from coastal dunes in Spain. This study provides detailed morphological and morphometrical analyses for the four species, while molecular analysis, based on 18S and 28S ribosomal DNA, is provided for A. complexus. The four species are studied with scanning electron microscopy, which is obtained for the first time for A. cylindricus. These analyses revealed morphological and molecular differentiations between both groups, appearing as two related monophyletic entities. The subgenera Acrobeles and Seleborca, formerly considered as separate genera, are proposed to accommodate both groups.

A new sinoalid froghopper of Fangyuaniini (Hemiptera, Cicadomorpha, Sinoalidae) in mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber from northern Myanmar

With nine species ascribed to eight genera, the sinoalid froghopper tribe Fangyuaniini has been the most abundant and diverse cicadomorphan group in Kachin amber. Based upon recently reported new fossil materials, we herein revised the diagnostic characters of this tribe, and a new genus and species, Electrala muae Chen & Zhuo, gen. et sp. nov., in Kachin amber is described and illustrated. The new taxon can be discriminated from its relatives by a series of unique morphological characters: the head very broad, almost as wide as thorax, the pronotum strongly shortened and about 4 times as wide as long, and forewings with the bifurcation of M and CuA almost at the same level and distad of claval apex. Additionally, a new generic name, Cretadorus Chen, nom. nov., is proposed for Mesodorus Chen & Wang, 2019, since the latter was already preoccupied by a living marine nematode genus Mesodorus Cobb, 1920.

Implication of the fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) in sheep for better use of available drugs

The aim here is to present data on the efficacy of anthelmintics in sheep flocks in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and to discuss the interpretation of the fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) for each nematode genus. Fecal eggs counts and pre- and post-treatment coprocultures were performed, the former to evaluate the efficacy of and the latter to determine the overall parasite prevalence. An additional efficacy test was performed at Farm # 1 a year after the initial test. Severe anthelmintic resistance was found for the flocks, with no FECRT sensitivity at any of the 22 farms evaluated. However, an analysis of the infective larvae showed that some drugs were effective against certain parasitic genera; i.e., levamisole was more effective against Haemonchus spp. and moxidectin against Trichostrongylus spp. In the additional FECRT performed at Farm # 1, moxidectin and nitroxynil were ineffective separately, but when applied in combination they were highly effective due to their efficacy against Haemonchus (nitroxynil) and Trichostrongylus (moxidectin), respectively. The use of the FECRT targeting the parasitic nematode species prevalent on farms may make it possible to choose more effective anthelmintics.

Identifikasi Genera Nematoda pada Lahan Perkebunan Karet (Hevea braziliensis) di Desa Santan Ulu Kecamatan Marangkayu Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara

This study aims to determine the dominant nematode genus and nematode population associated with rubber plants. Field research were carried out in Santan Ulu Village, Marangkayu District, Kutai Kartanegara Regency. The laboratory works was carried out at the Laboratory of Plant Pest and Disease Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Mulawarman University. The study was conducted for 3 months from October to December 2017. The method in this study is a diagonal method on nine rubber trees that have produced. The obtained nematodes were identified and calculated by the population of each genus. The results showed that there are five species of nematodes in rubber plantation areas aged 5, 7 and 10 years, namely Aphelenchulus, Dorylemus, Pratylencus, Rhabditis, and Rotylenchulus. Weeds that grow on rubber plantations, namely, Imperata cylindrica L, Mikania micranta, Melastoma offine, Chromolaena odorata, and Paspalum conjungtum.

Description of two new and two known species of the Genus Tylencholaimellus Cobb in M. V. Cobb, 1915 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea)

Two new and two known species of the dorylaimid nematode genus Tylencholaimellus Cobb in M.V. Cobb, 1915 are described and illustrated. Tylencholaimellus arabicus sp. n. collected from Saudi Arabia is characterized by having small sized body (L= 0.66–0.83 mm); outer cuticle with distinct transverse striations; inner layer thick with fine transverse striations; lip region offset by a deep constriction, inner liplets slightly raised; odontostyle 15–17 µm, odontophore 8–10 µm, combined length 25–26 μm; female genital system mono-opisthodelphic; anterior uterine sac 0.5–1.3 times midbody diameter in length; transverse vulva and short conoid tail Tylencholaimellus masakii sp. n. collected from Japan is characterized by having small sized body (L= 0.77–0.81 mm); lip region offset by a slight constriction; labial disc present; odontostyle 11–12 µm, odontophore 6–7 µm, combined length 18–18.5 μm; female genital system mono-opisthodelphic; anterior uterine sac 1.1–1.8 midbody diameter long; transverse vulva and rounded-conoid tail. Tylencholaimellus striatus Thorne, 1939 and T. projectus Siddiqi, 1964 are redescribed based on material collected from India. A diagnostic compendium of the genus Tylencholaimellus is also provided.

Keragaman nematoda parasit tanaman pada rizofer dan akar kina (Cinchona ledgeriana) di Gambung, Indonesia

Quinine plant (Cinchona ledgeriana) is widely used in the industrial and pharmaceutical world because these plants contain high alkaloid compounds. In 1950, Szkolnik reported some nematodes that infect this plant in India and Java. Furthermore, in 1977, Koch also reported the development of nematode genus which associated with this plant. Since 1977 up to now there has been no update information about nematodes in quinine plant, especially in Indonesia. This study aimed to obtain information about nematode genus contained in rhizosphere and roots of quinine plants at the Gambung quinine field area, West Java, Indonesia. A total of 10 samples of rhizosphere soil and roots of quinine plants extracted from a depth of 10 cm. Nematodes in soil samples were extracted using centrifugation- floatation methods, and nematodes in root samples were extracted using a mist chamber. The absolute population density and the frequency distribution were calculated from the successfully extracted nematodes. The results showed that plant parasitic nematodes in the rhizosphere of quinine plants are Helicotylenchus sp., Hoplolaimus sp., Meloidogyne sp., Pratylenchus sp., Radopholus sp., Tylenchus sp., and Xiphinema sp. In the quinine plant roots, there were 6 species of plant parasitic nematodes ie, Aphelenchoides sp., Helicotylenchus sp., Meloidogyne sp., Pratylenchus sp., Radopholus sp., and Tylenchus sp. Nematode of Xiphinema sp., Helicotylenchus sp., Meloidogyne sp., Pratylenchus sp., and Radopholus sp. has 100% distribution in quinine plant.

Speciation in the genus Cloacina (Nematoda: Strongylida): species flocks and intra-host speciation

SUMMARYSequences of the first and second internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 + ITS2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA were employed to determine whether the congeneric assemblages of species of the strongyloid nematode genus Cloacina, found in the forestomachs of individual species of kangaroos and wallabies (Marsupialia: Macropodidae), considered to represent species flocks, were monophyletic. Nematode assemblages examined in the black-striped wallaby, Macropus (Notamacropus) dorsalis, the wallaroos, Macropus (Osphranter) antilopinus/robustus, rock wallabies, Petrogale spp., the quokka, Setonix brachyurus, and the swamp wallaby, Wallabia bicolor, were not monophyletic and appeared to have arisen by host colonization. However, a number of instances of within-host speciation were detected, suggesting that a variety of methods of speciation have contributed to the evolution of the complex assemblages of species present in this genus.