TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE PRECEDENT TEXT LIVES MATTER IN THE AMERICAN INTERNET DISCOURSE

The article presents an analysis of intertextual references to the name of the American social-political movement “Black Lives Matter”. By means of a wide selection method from the titles of media texts in the English-language segment of the Internet the author selects and considers four types of intertextual transformations of the nominations. The first and second types of transformations focus on the adjective and noun. Its transformations include a change according to the principle of color analogy, its replacement with a possessive construction with a definition function, the use of verbal adjectives that convey a physical and emotional state, as well as a change in the grammatical category of the degree of comparison (from positive to comparative or superlative). The third type of transformation involves changing the grammatical features of the words within the nominations, replacing the verb “matter” with a verb with a different meaning and simultaneously transforming lexical and grammatical features. The last application of the text is to expand it by including the components of negation in the structure of the nomination. In conclusion, it is stated that variations in the name of the movement contribute to the segregation of population groups due to a clear delineation of the signs of a “socially approved and accepted” category of persons (defined by race, gender, age, orientation, condition).

ORBIFOLDS ARE NOT COMMUTATIVE GEOMETRIES

In this note we show that the crucial orientation condition for commutative geometries fails for the natural commutative spectral triple of an orbifold M/G.

Influence of Path Integration Versus Environmental Orientation on Place Cell Remapping Between Visually Identical Environments

To assess the effects of interactions between angular path integration and visual landmarks on the firing of hippocampal neurons, we recorded from CA1 pyramidal cells as rats foraged in two identical boxes with polarizing internal cues. In the same-orientation condition, following an earlier experiment by Skaggs and McNaughton, the boxes were oriented identically and connected by a corridor. In the opposite-orientation condition, the boxes were abutted by rotating them 90° in opposite directions, so that their orientations differed by 180°. After 16–23 days of pretraining on the same-orientation condition, three rats experienced both conditions in counterbalanced order on each of two consecutive days. On the third day they ran two opposite-orientation trials. Although Skaggs and McNaughton observed stable partial “remapping” of place fields, none of the fields in this experiment remapped in the same-orientation condition. In the opposite-orientation condition, place fields in the first box were isomorphic with those in the same-orientation condition, whereas in the second box the rats eventually exhibited completely different fields. The rats differed as to the trial in which this first occurred. Once the second box exhibited different fields, it continued to do so in all subsequent opposite-orientation trials, yet fields remained the same in subsequent same-orientation trials. The results demonstrate that when animals move actively between environments, and are thus potentially able to maintain their inertial angular orientation, discordance between environmental orientation and the rat's idiothetic direction sense can profoundly affect the hippocampal map—either immediately, or as a result of cumulative experience.

The Ability to See Solid Form in Early Infancy

The perception of three-dimensional attributes of solid objects by twelve-week-old infants was studied. In the first experiment the rates of habituation of fixation to a cube in a fixed orientation, to one which changed in orientation between presentations, and to a sequence of photographs of cubes in different orientations were determined. Habituation rate was also determined for a photograph of a cube in a fixed orientation. No difference was found between the initial fixation times for solids and photographs, or between the habituation curves for the solids in fixed and varying orientation. For the photographs habituation was much greater for the fixed orientation than the varying orientation condition. These data were interpreted as providing strong evidence that the infants were responding to the stimuli on the basis of their three-dimensional attributes. In the second experiment the same discriminations were examined by a recovery-from-habituation technique. One group was habituated to a cube in a fixed orientation and tested for recovery of fixation to a new orientation. A second group was habituated to a photograph of a cube in a single orientation and tested for recovery to a photograph of a new orientation. Both groups showed recovery and the recovery was the same for both conditions. These data demonstrated that the subjects were, after all, capable of discriminating between different orientations of a solid cube, and they provided no further evidence that the infants were perceiving three-dimensional attributes of the stimuli.