Degradation of Mechanical Properties in Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe and Fittings for Corrosive Refinery Applications

Recent tests and data analysis have shown a correlation between the degree of hot working and elevated temperature mechanical properties of austenitic stainless steel piping and fittings, independent of the final solution anneal temperature and grain size. While this phenomenon is shown to occur in stabilized stainless steels by data in this paper, it has also been observed in non-stabilized austenitic stainless steel grades. It is understood that work-hardening results in higher material strength, and that annealing results in lower strength, as well as promoting dissolution of carbides and intermetallic phases. The “as-fabricated” mechanical properties of hot formed product are affected by the competition between strain-hardening, and softening due to recovery and recrystallization during hot working and subsequent solution annealing. It has been shown that increasing the amount of hot forming lowers the yield strength of austenitic stainless steel at elevated temperatures. Data is presented that calls into question the common belief that the solution anneal substantially eliminates strain-hardening resultant of prior forming. This paper discusses strengthening mechanisms, provides case histories, suggests mitigation practices, and stresses the importance of proper alloy characterization, and using conservative Code allowable safety factors.

The nucleation of recrystallization at second phase particles in 7000 series deformed aluminum alloy

An investigation was carried out to determine the effect of a thermomechanical process (TMP) in the precipitation of dispersed second phase particles, and to assess the recrystallization behavior of a deformed ALCANVEN-7475 commercial aluminum alloy. The TMP included solution anneal treatment at Ts = 482°C for 3 hours, overaging at temperatures (To) in the range from 160 - 400°c for 1 to 30 hours, cold and warm deformation up to 90% reduction of thickness (RA) and recrystallization at Tr = 482 °C for 15 to 60 minutes.A Hitachi H-600 TEM operated at 100 KV was utilized to examine the microstructural evolution of the alloy leading to the nucleation of recrystallization as a consecuence of the previously described four steps TMP.It was determined that the nucleation of recrystallized grains is promoted by the presence of second phase particles with critical sizes between 0.5 and 1.0 μm.