Analysis on the effect of the various factors on immunoglobulin G in goat colostrum

The present study aimed to determinate the content of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in goat colostrum and the effected factors were discussed by single radial immunodiffusion. The results showed that the highest level of IgG was detected in the first day after partum, and decreased quickly over the length of the lactation period. No significant effect on IgG was seen with different ways of thawing and the different freezing time. IgG was almost completely lost at 85°C for 2 min. The maximum value of IgG was observed at pH 6.5, and it reduced significantly when the pressure was higher than 500MPa, and decreased with the increase of the concentrations of citric acid and Ca2+.

Immunomodulatory Effect of Sodium Saccharin and Potassium Acesulfame in BALB/C Mice in Short-Term Trials

Introduction: Sweeteners are molecules that give a sweet taste to a foodstuff. The question of the correct use of sweeteners is still being studied because the results of investigations are often contradictory. Objective: the current study aims at evaluating the risk of short-term immunotoxicity induced by sodium saccharin and potassium acesulfame in BALB/c mice. Methods: Animals are given low concentrations of sweeteners (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%) in drinking water for 90 days. During this period, a subcutaneous immunization is conducted. Blood is taken from the retro-orbital sinus and the animals are sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Weight measurements and histological studies have involved spleen, thymus, bladder and lungs. Levels of immunoglobulins are measured by reversed single radial immunodiffusion. Results: A significant rise in the consumption of sweeteners is found in the groups receiving doses of 1% and 2% (p<0.05). Organ weight is not affected in both sexes (p>0.05). Histology shows no tissue abnormality of thymus and lungs in groups consuming sweeteners. However, histological disturbances of the spleen are observed in mice that have received the dose of 2%. Histological study of bladder has revealed hyperplasia in the groups receiving 1% and 2% of sweeteners. Immunodiffusion assay shows no change in immunoglobulin levels in the groups consuming sweeteners (p>0.05). Conclusion: Sweeteners have adverse effects on the immune system in BALB/c mice and induce histological abnormalities in the spleen and bladder. Keywords: Sweeteners, Saccharin, Potassium Acesulfame, Immunotoxicity, Immunoglobulins, Reversed single Radial Immunodiffusion.

COMPARISON OF RADIAL IMMUNODIFFUSION AND SANDWICH-ELISA FOR THE MEASUREMENT IGG IN SERUM OF CALVES

This investigation compared single radial immunodiffusion (sRID) and sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (sandwich-ELISA) for the detection concentration of IgG in serum of calves. The results from each methods was shown positively correlated and that the ELISA test procedure would give more precise estimates of IgG concentration in serum for express diagnosis of failure of transfer of passive immunity of calves

N-Glycosylation of Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Hemagglutinins: Implication for Potency Testing and Immune Processing

ABSTRACTPrior to each annual flu season, health authorities recommend three or four virus strains for inclusion in the annual influenza vaccine: a type A:H1N1 virus, a type A:H3N2 virus, and one or two type B viruses. Antigenic differences between strains are found in the glycosylation patterns of the major influenza virus antigen, hemagglutinin (HA). Here we examine the glycosylation patterns of seven reference antigens containing HA used in influenza vaccine potency testing. These reagents are supplied by the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) or the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC) for use in vaccine testing. Those produced in hen egg, Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK), and insect (Sf9) expression systems were examined. They are closely related or identical to antigens used in commercial vaccines. The reference antigens studied were used in the 2014–2015 influenza season and included A/California/07/2009 H1N1, A/Texas/50/2012 H3N2, and B/Massachusetts/02/2012. Released glycan and HA-specific glycopeptide glycosylation patterns were examined. We also examined the sensitivity of the single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) potency test to differences in HA antigen glycosylation. Based on deglycosylation studies applied using standard assay procedures, the SRID assay was not sensitive to any HA antigen glycosylation status from any cell system. Mapping of glycosites with their occupying glycan to functional regions, including antigenic sites, lectin interaction regions, and fusion domains, was performed and has implications for immune processing, immune responses, and antigenic shielding. Differences in glycosylation patterns, as dictated by the cell system used for expression, may impact these functions.IMPORTANCEIn the present study, the glycosylation patterns of the 2014-2015 influenza vaccine season standard antigens A/California/07/2009 H1N1, A/Texas/50/2012 H3N2, and B/Massachusetts/02/2012 were revealed, and the sensitivity of the single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) potency test to glycosylation was tested. Differences in hemagglutinin glycosylation site composition and heterogeneity seen in antigens produced in different cell substrates suggest differences in processing and downstream immune responses. The SRID potency test used for vaccine release is not sensitive to differences in glycosylation under standard use conditions. This work reveals important differences in vaccine antigens and may point out areas where improvements may be made concerning vaccine antigen preparation, immune processing, and testing.

Variation in colostral immunoglobulin G concentration in fat tailed sheep and evaluation of methods for estimation of colostral immunoglobulin content

In ruminants, colostrum is a vital source of immunoglobulins that provide passive immunity for their offspring during the neonatal period. It is suggested that colostral immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration varies between and within breeds and could also be affected by maternal factors. The aim of this study was to investigate possible effects of litter type and ewe parturition number on colostral IgG concentration in two Iranian fat-tailed breeds of sheep (Shaul and Lori Bakhtyari) as well as usefulness of different methods for estimation of IgG concentrations in colostrum. The colostral IgG concentrations were measured in 38 Shaul and 59 Lori Bakhtyari ewes by single radial immunodiffusion, zinc sulphate turbidity and Biuret methods. Measurement of IgG by single radial immunodiffusion revealed that Lori Bakhtyari ewes had significantly (P < 0.05) lower colostral IgG levels (48.82 ± 2.10 mg/ml) than Shaul ewes (62.86 ± 2.48). With regard to the effect of litter type and parturition number, a significant (P < 0.05) difference in IgG concentration of colostrum was only observed between the first (65.17 ± 5.74 mg/ml) and third parturition (41.10 ± 4.60 mg/ml) of Lori Bakhtyari ewes. The colostral IgG concentration was not associated with ewe serum IgG concentration (P > 0.05). The mortality rate was higher in lambs born to ewes with lower IgG in their colostrum. Single radial immunodiffusion did not correlate either with zinc sulphate turbidity method (r = -0.253, P > 0.05) or with Biuret method (r = -0.005, P > 0.05). We can conclude that concentration of colostral IgG could be influenced by breed but not by litter type and parturition number.