Railway in the French Pyrenees

The topic considered in the preceding article is continued by two publications first published in the journal 110 years ago. Both articles (they had been in turn reproduced and translated from French editions) are dedicated to engineering solutions that allowed construction of a railway in mountain region and that were unique for that time.To the maximum extent possible the vocabulary of the period of publication has been kept intact.

Der onymische Artikel im Schweizerdeutschen in seiner Funktion als Genusmarker

In Swiss German dialects first names are commonly used with a preceding article. Historically, the function of these so-called onymic articles was to show the name’s case. They first arose when inflection of first names had been omitted and case was thus no longer expressed in suffixes. The data gathered in 2016 in an online survey for the research project “Das Anna und ihr Hund” indicate that today the function of reflecting the case is hardly relevant. However, it is important to the speakers to emphasize the nameʼs grammatical gender. The three grammatical genders in (Swiss) German are feminine, masculine, and neuter. Typically, the ono­nymic articles’ grammatical gender corresponds to their referents’ biological gender, i. e. feminine articles for women’s names, masculine articles for men’s names. But sometimes neuter articles are used with female or, less often, with male names. Therefore, the same first name can have different grammatical genders that are indicated with an onymic article, e. g. d Anna (f.) or s Anna (n.). The choice of the article depends on the speaker, the situation, the referent, and other factors. Based on these observations, it is argued that marking grammatical gender is the onymic article’s main function and marking case is secondary.

WRITING IN PHILOSOPHY: REPLY TO FREDERICK

Frederick (2021, see the preceding article) offers a critique of my writing tips aimed at undergraduate students coming to philosophy – and in many cases, essay writing – for the first time (Earp, 2021, in this volume) Frederick claims that most of my tips are good tips but characterizes two of them as bad tips, as follows: Bad tip 1. Be very careful about making any universal claims (involving words such as ‘every’, ‘never’, ‘always’). Such a claim can be refuted by just a single counterexample. Do not leave yourself open to such refutation. Make a universal claim only if you are sure that there are no counterexamples.Bad tip 2. Pick a smaller, more narrow thesis and argue for it thoroughly rather than a more ambitious thesis for which you argue less thoroughly.

Proposal for a Random-based Algorithm to Solve Data-fitting Problems

This preprint is a complement to a preceding article. Since error-squaring exaggerates the influence of outliers in the linear least square method, a more natural procedure to avoid mutual cancellation of errors would be taking absolute values of errors instead. However, such a choice would prevent using differential calculus. It is then suggested that calculus be replaced by an algorithm which selects the best line from a set of random-generated lines. The proposal has been tested with an experimental algorithm written in Python language and found to work well.

Twenty-five Years of LIFT: Towards a Plurality of Positions

Rose Fenton and Lucy Neal were the Artistic Directors of LIFT – the London International Festival of Theatre – from its conception in 1979 until their joint resignation in 2004. In this interview they discuss with Phoebe Patey-Ferguson the initial motivations and challenges of establishing an international festival in London and how these changed in maintaining the organization over twenty-five years. This conversation took place in London on 15 February and 14 March 2018, and complements the preceding article in this issue of NTQ by Patey-Ferguson, analyzing the socio-political circumstances of its early years.

Ein Musterentwurf mit Schlagseite zulasten der Freiheit

This contribution, entitled “A Sample Draft with a Tendency towards Curtailing Freedom”, critically examines the planned project of a standardised police act (Musterpolizeigesetz). This template legislation is discussed by Markus Thiel in the preceding article. Firstly, the lead commission’s approach to standardise “the maximum that is permissible from a constitutional point of view” is considered misguided. It makes extremely one-sided use of the legislator’s corridor between freedom and security, and jeopardises the project as a whole - a project that makes sense in itself. Secondly, the legal concept of “impending danger”, which has already found its way into recent amendments to state police legislation, is criticized linguistically, constitutionally, and politically. The attempt is made to achieve the necessary police-law defence against terrorism through careful adjustments, rather than by overcoming the tried and tested constitutional dogma of the terms “danger” and “responsibility”. Thirdly, reasons are given for why preventive police detention infringes European and constitutional law. Detention is imposed without the existence of a concrete danger, or for a period exceeding 14 days. It is recalled that, in terms of legal history and comparative law, preventive detention is a typical instrument of the state of emergency and of regimes of injustice.

Xenosinelobus balanocolus, a new tanaidid genus and species (Crustacea: Peracarida: Tanaidacea) from barnacles on intertidal rocky shores and seawalls in the Singapore Strait

This study describes a new genus and new species of Tanaidacea that was collected from inside the tests of dead Tetraclita barnacles in Singapore. Xenosinelobus n. gen. is most similar to Sinelobus but can be distinguished by the (1) unusually short antennal fifth article, (2) tooth-like lacinia mobilis on right mandible, (3) long terminal seta on epignath, (4) plumose inner seta near dactylus insertion on cheliped propodus, (5) spiniform seta on pereopod 1 coxa, (6) presence of setae on inner margins of pereopod 1 propodus and dactylus, (7) claw-like terminal articles on pereopods 2 and 3, (8) row of setulose and flattened denticulate setae along distal margin of pereopod 6 propodus, (9) dorsal seta on claws of pereopods 4–6, (10) complete row of dorso-transverse setae on pleonites 1 and 2, (11) one seta on pleopod basis outer margin, (12) two or three setae on pleopod endopod inner margin and (13) three-articled uropod with final article 1.6 times as long as preceding article. A new diagnosis and key to genera is provided for the subfamily Sinelobinae.

Current Practices and Improvement of Saudi Corporate Governance Framework

The preceding article described the notions of disclosure and transparency and their purpose and importance in practice. An understanding of the requirements and elements of the practice of disclosure leads to a discussion of its benefits and advantages, as well as the consequences of a lack of transparency during financial scandals. The Saudi approach to disclosure and transparency is also examined based on the evidence given in board annual reports. This paper highlights the way the Saudi legal system evaluates corporate governance and its legal basis.

The long journey to the Higgs boson and beyond at the LHC: Emphasis on ATLAS

The journey in search for the Higgs boson with the ATLAS and CMS experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN started more than two decades ago. But the first discussions motivating the LHC project dream date back even further into the 1980s. This article will recall some of these early historical considerations, mention some of the LHC machine milestones and achievements, focus as an example of a technological challenge on the unique ATLAS superconducting magnet system, and then give an account of the physics results so far, leading to, and featuring particularly, the Higgs boson results, and sketching finally prospects for the future. With its emphasis on the ATLAS experiment it is complementary to the preceding article by Tejinder S. Virdee which focused on the CMS experiment.

A new Agnus Dei/Last Small Cross mule

The Lenborough hoard has produced the twenty-third coin struck from Agnus Dei dies, which is also the second known mule of an Agnus Dei obverse with a Last Small Cross reverse. It is illustrated in Gareth Williams's preceding article as Fig. 7 (p. 304). This specimen adds to the small group of English finds of Agnus Dei pennies, which previously consisted of three single-finds. Lenborough is therefore the first ever English hoard to contain an Agnus Dei coin, mule or otherwise. The presence of just one penny of the type in an assemblage of almost 1,000 coins of Æthelred II (with a large proportion of the total consisting of the types either side of Agnus Dei) reinforces the rarity of the issue. Detailed research into the hoard may unveil more about the circumstances behind its composition, including the chronological profile of the Last Small Cross element, and thereby add to the general picture of the context in which Agnus Dei was produced.