OPTIMATION OF FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT SYSTEMS IN X STATION CENTER OF CRUDE OIL AND GAS STORAGE

This paper discusses some research results that were carried out to optimize the fire extinguishment system of X Station in South Sumatera. To optimize the fire extinguishing system at station X, a system modification has been done, which included: changes in the number of stockpile tank units, changes in capacity and dimensions of oil tanks, and changes in fire wall construction. With the change in capacity and dimensions, especially the storage tank unit, it is necessary to recalculate whether the water demand in the fire protection system is still sufficient according to the existing system condition. From this research, it can be concluded that the maximum flow rate of foam under the existing condition is 1631.6 gpm while the optimum ondition is 65% smaller than the existing system condition at 570.54 gpm. The cooling water flow rate of 615.09 gpm at optimum ondition is lower than the existing system conditions of 1409.33 gpm. The required water to the fire extinguishment system is 250 gpm; this value is smaller than the existing system capacity of 2074 gpm. By using performance curves of Grundfos Data Booklet, for the capacity of pump 1250 gpm, the total head pump and pump efficiency are obtained 103.48 m and 77.5 %, respectively. Keywords: optimation; tank; water; foam; pump

A Study on the Analysis of Sprinkler Operating Probability Using Building Fire Statistics

In Korea, considering that the accuracy of fire scenario evaluation is reduced by performance-based design, it is assumed that the sprinkler does not operate. In other countries, the design continues to be researched considering the operation probability of the sprinkler. In particular, the operation probability that divides the effect after operation is analyzed. Therefore, the operation probability was analyzed by considering the effect of sprinkler operation using domestic fire statistics. As a result, it was found that the probability of successful operation for fire extinguishment was 44%, the success of suppression was 32%, and failure to operate was 24%. As a result of a comparison with data from other countries, the probability of operating, 76%, was lower than that of studies from other countries. When comparing the probability results for successful fire extinguishment, success of suppression, and failure to operate, it was confirmed that the probability of successful suppression was slightly different.

Extinguishment of cable fires at packaged transformer substations

Introduction. According to the statistical data, electrical fires account for the majority of all fire accidents. Hence, better fireproofing of fuel and energy facilities is a relevant issue. The article addresses electrical fire extinguishment using high-expansion foam. An extinguishment time analysis methodology, applicable to fire extinguishment using high-expansion foam, has been developed to validate these solutions. The purpose of this article is to calculate the dependence between the fire extinguishment time and the foam consumption rate. The research objectives are to 1) identify the principal values to be used in the calculations and the list of input data; 2) to identify the dependence between the extinguishment time and the foam consumption rate using packaged transformer substation 2BKTP (1,000 kVA) as an example. Calculation methodology. The calculation methodology is based on the material balance equation between the amount of foam, applied for firefighting purposes, and the amount of foam, destroyed as a result of its contact with the heated wire surface, which is the main fire load inside burning electrical facilities. Research results. The co-authors have calculated the fire suppression time using packaged transformer substation 2BKTP (1,000 kVA) as an example. Dependencies between fire extinguishment time, specific foam consumption rate, and foam application rate are identified. Conclusions. The co-authors have identified the main values, needed to simulate a fire extinguishing model. They have also shown optimal foam consumption and application rates and offered their assessment of the applicability of high-expansion foam to electrical fires.

STUDYING RADIO COMMUNICATION ORGANIZATION MODELS AT ELIMINATING MAN-MADE DISASTERS BY UNITS OF THE STATE FIRE SERVICE

Purpose. The organization of communication in fire service units at eliminating consequences of man-made disasters or fire extinguishing at the site has its own features, which are determined by the officials’ interaction procedure. The article considers the features of private cases models of radio communication organization in the units of the State Fire Service at the site of fire extinguishment or elimination of man-made disasters. Probabilistic characteristics of these models have been investigated. Methods. The authors analyzed the existing officials’ interaction models using radio communication directly at the site and in the process of eliminating man-made disasters. Findings. Graphical dependencies of probabilities of communication network states on time parameters of radio exchange are presented. It is determined that at organizing and controlling communication at the site of fire extinguishment or elimination of man-made disasters, knowing the required characteristics of the communication network (including the probability of being in critical and free states), it is possible to determine the allowable range for the values λ (frequency of the need for communication) and µ (rate of communication channel release). Research application field. The obtained results can be used in organizing and managing radio communications for ensuring safety at fire extinguishment and elimination of man-made disasters. Conclusions. It is shown that the interaction process of fire extinguishment and elimination of man-made disasters subjects depends on the use of radio communication facilities. Under certain conditions, critical modes may occur in radio network, which will interfere with means and forces management, as well as affect the safety of the participants of this process. In this case, the task of radio communication control will be to estimate the possibility of occurrence and exclusion of critical modes, which can be done on the basis of the obtained dependencies of communication network states probabilities on time parameters of radio exchange.

Solutions for the Accessibility of Water Sources for Fire Extinguishment

Water is an essential fire extinguishing agent. Besides the existence of water for this purpose, the availability of water sources is essential as well. Quick and efficient access to water sources contributes to effective firefighting, thereby avoiding any increase in damage, and it protects human life. With regard to the water sources, the authors examine and analyse the anthropometric data, and the physical properties of the equipment needed for the water. These are also used to determine the conditions of optimal access to the various water sources for firefighting.