Railway Rules:

Wayfinding pictograms are sometimes seen as “words” of a “visual language.” This research investigates for 52 common referents in which organizations and domains these words originated. This research is on the pioneer period of wayfinding pictogram development, 1963–1974, using a set of 24 pictogram systems. The results shows that the image contents of most common pictograms that we use today were introduced in only three years’ time by transport organizations. Olympic events and world exhibitions played a minor role in this process. Known designers probably focused more on improving the visual perception and consistency of a pictogram set. A comparison of image contents of pictogram systems from 1963–1974 with two more recent systems suggests there has hardly been any evolution in contents since.

Comparative analysis of virtual exhibitions of medical museums in Ukraine and abroad

The Internet has opened new opportunities for effective communication of information provision activities of various institutions. Museums did not become an exception and began to apply new means in communication policy. Virtual exhibitions solve the problems of saving time and financial costs, however, carrying important information content. The experience of world exhibitions of medical museums is considerably higher than the level of virtual exhibitions implementation in Ukraine.

Representatives of the sugar industry of the Russian Empire at the World's Fair in Paris in 1900

Nineteenth-century world exhibitions were platforms to demonstrate technical and technological changes that witnessed the modernization and industrialization of the world. World exhibitions have contributed to the promotion of new inventions and the popularization of already known, as well as the emergence of art objects of world importance. One of the most important world events at the turn of the century was the 1900 World's Fair in Paris. Participation in the World's Fair was not the first experience of this kind of activity for sugar growers in the Russian Empire. Most of them were members of the Kyiv branch of the Russian Technical Society, which in turn took the most active part in the work of blighty and international industrial exhibitions, receiving high awards. The main sugar enterprises were concentrated on the territory of modern Ukraine in the possession of several large companies owned by Tereshchenko, Kharitonenko, Khanenko, Brodskyi, Simirenko, Yakhnenko and others. The Russian sugar industry occupied a prominent place at the World's Fair in Paris in 1900, as its share in world sugar production was 17%, and the area of beet crops, it was ahead of all other countries (in 1900 sugar beets were sown 548,796 hectares). The exposition testified to this powerful development of the industry. At the World's Fair in 1900, Russia's sugar industry was housed in the Palace of Agriculture and was represented in the pavilions by well-known sugar firms, such as the Department of Land (Timashiv Beet Sugar and Refinery), I. H. Kharitonenko and his son; brothers Lazar and Lev Izrailevich Brodskyi; O. N. Tereshchenko, heirs of F. A. Tereshchenko; the Tereshchenko brothers, the Botkin brothers (Novo-Tavolzhanskyi sugar factory); joint-stock companies of sugar and refineries: “Constance”, “Germanov”, “Gmina Lyshowiche”; E. A. Balasheva (Mariinskyi Sugar Plant of Kyiv Province), H. H. Balakhovski (Mariinskyi beet-sugar and refineries of the Kursk province). A characteristic feature of the sugar industry was that they mainly represented family businesses based on strong family ties, ethno-cultural and religious values. In addition, they intertwined the functions of owners and managers. Thus, the author tries to analyze the participation of representatives of the sugar industry in the World's Fair in 1900 and define the role of exhibitions as indicators of economic development, to show the importance and influence of private entrepreneurs, especially from Ukraine, on the sugar industry and international contacts.

ARCHITECTURE OF NATIONAL THEATER PAVILIONS AT THE EXHIBITIONS OF THE PRAGUE QUADRIENAL, AND IN PARTICULAR, THE FIRST UKRAINIAN

The article highlights the ideas of forming the architecture of scenographic pavilions at world exhibitions that demonstrate works of theatrical art on the example of those that presented theatrical art at one of the most famous forums in the world – the Prague Quadrennial in 1967-2019 (PQ), and in particular, the first Ukrainian ones. Quadrennial events are held every 4 years and present the development of various theatrical arts: architecture, scenography, performing arts, theatre skills, etc. But few of the interesting architectural solutions of national pavilions and installations are represented in professional, educational, popular and scientific publications. Therefore, the authors of the article decided to highlight various architectural ideas of national theatre pavilions (Belgium, the former USSR and Russia, Germany, Slovakia, Spain, Estonia), and in particular, the creation of the architecture of the first Ukrainian ones. The authors – teachers, postgraduates, students of the Department of Architectural Environment Design – relied upon and developed the architectural and scenographic ideas of the world-famous scenographer Y. Lysyk in 2015, 2019. The space of which in the first case was a stage, the horizon and wings of which were similar to the curtain from the performance of Lysyk's ballet "Romeo and Juliet", and in the second case, in 2019, space resembled the "amphitheatre" of the Ukrainian prehistoric theatre for Kupala drama. The horizon was enlarged based on the artist's sketch for the folk opera "When the Fern Blooms".

Zmiany dostępności transportowej mieszkańców miasta w obliczu organizacji wystaw światowych na przykładzie Expo Horticultura w Łodzi

Jednym z najważniejszych wydarzeń międzynarodowych, które pozwalają na daleko idącą promocję kraju, miejsca czy regionu są wystawy światowe zwane Expo. Celem poniższego artykułu jest ocena zmian dostępności transportowej terenów, na których ma odbyć się wystawa Expo Horticultural w Łodzi, na podstawie analizy systemu transportowego i liczby ludności przed i w trakcie organizacji imprezy. Analizowany obszar jest warty uwagi, ponieważ stanowi pierwsze z miast gospodarzy, które zdecydowało się na organizację tego typu wydarzenia niemal w centrum miasta, co jest wyzwaniem dla całego systemu transportowego. W pracy posłużono się analizami sieciowymi. Poniższe wyniki badań dowodzą, że wybrana lokalizacja wystawy spowoduje pogorszenie dostępności transportowej tego obszaru. [Changes in transport accessibility of city residents in the face of the organization of world exhibitions on the example of Expo Horticultura in Łódź] One of the most important international events that allow for far-reaching promotion of a country, place or region are world exhibitions called Expo. The purpose of the article below is to assess the changes in transport accessibility of the areas where the Expo Horticultural exhibition in Łódź is to be held, based on the analysis of the transport system and the number of people before and during the organization of the event. The analyzed area is noteworthy because it is the first host city that decided to organize such an event almost in the city center, which is a challenge for the entire transport system. Network analyzes were used in the work. The research results below prove that the chosen exhibition location will deteriorate the transport accessibility of this area.

MODERN FURNITURE MARKET TRENDS 2019

Furniture changes occur infrequently, while at the present time, people are more and more carefully approaching the selection of furniture. They want to see in their house not only practical, high-quality furniture, but also furniture made according to the latest fashion trends in modern design. Therefore, the goal of our research was the modern trends of the furniture market in 2019. The main fashion trends in styles, patterns, colors, materials, accessories, forms of furniture are considered. Fashion is cyclical and by the end of the 90s it became a gigantic industry. Color trends from fashion catwalks affect interior design, becoming relevant for furniture and decoration in the current and future season. The main trends in interior design are set by the largest world exhibitions ISaloni, Maison & Objet, IMM Cologne, Stockholm Furniture & Light Fair. It is at such large venues that you can see new technologies, ideas and solutions that will play a major role in the interior in the near future. Modern trends in the interior in 2019 indicate that a successful and fashionable design of the living space is not just a beautiful, cozy and stylish house, but also an expression of the individuality of the owner of the house.