Cognitive Processes of Using Representational Form in Mathematical Modeling Based on Gender Differences

The process of thinking in formulating a mathematical model requires cognitive processes. In learning mathematics, one of the factors that influence mathematics ability is gender differences. This research explores and provides an overview of the cognitive processes, especially using the representational form in mathematical modeling regarding gender differences. The type of research used is descriptive exploratory with a qualitative approach. The research subjects were 36 pre-service teachers in the mathematics education study program, consists of 18 males and 18 females. The instruments were a written test and an interview guide sheet. The result shows that males get higher percentages than females to answer the representational problem correctly. In conclusion, both males and females solve the graph problem using representative form through three components of the cognitive process. The first and second component, namely knowing and applying, shows the same behavior: retrieving the information from the mathematical problem and displaying the information into the graph. For the third component, reasoning also offers the same behavior because the truth of the graph that justifies refers to the mathematical properties. The study implies that it might be the same treatment for males and females to improve representational form regarding the components of cognitive process, namely, knowing, applying, and reasoning.

Overcoming and Denial: Disability and Modern Dance in the United States

Dancers and choreographers have always been navigating disability within an ableist representational form. This article questions the ableist histories of modern dance in the United States and seeks to redefine how disability is conceived of within the field of dance. The article explores five themes found within archival research, including overcoming narratives, symbiotic and inseparability of dance and disability, denial of disability, changing choreographic practices, and disability aesthetics. Examples of these themes are found in primary source documents about and by Martha Graham, Ted Shawn, and Doris Humphrey and contextualized throughout the article with dance and disability studies theorization.

Inferential Justification

The ordinary distinction between being justified and being able to give a justification is described. Being able to give a justification requires metacognition; being justified doesn’t. Animals are sometimes justified in what they believe; sometimes they’re not. A definition for justification is given by analyzing a justification j of a proposition p in terms of j providing a truth-conducive reason for p. Two forms of justification are revealed along the lines of how propositions are justified, an inferential form and a representational form. Infinitism, the suggestion that infinite chains of justifiers—both deductive and truth-enhancing—are cogent, is then explored. It’s shown both that infinitary chains of justifications can’t function as additional forms of justification and that they can’t be used as provisional justifications either.

Papierstauraum: Bücher und Objekte in Katalogen

Libraries hold, preserve and keep available not only books, but also items of various kinds. Catalogues, primarily intended to register and make volumes traceable, are also used to account for objects as part of collections. Using three historical catalogues with books and appendices of things and objects as samples, the article discusses the relation between the representational form of the registered entries and their materiality as concrete items (books and objects). Catalogues appear as literary storage spaces with a materiality of their own that bestow a virtual materiality to the items they list and display.

A Basic Introduction to Messy Structures and Generative Models

While networks have been the standard mathematical representation for detailedarrangements of relations in society, the simplicity of the representation limits whatinformation can be preserved in the abstraction, and subsequently, what can bemathematically analyzed. In this paper, we introduce a more rigorous and flexibleabstraction for representing arrangements of relations in society, the Messy Structure.After introducing the representational form and theoretically justifying it, we introducesome basic generative procedures for creating Messy Structures with “hierarchical”properties.

Inducing Visibility and Visual Deduction

Scientists use diagrams not just to visualize objects and relations in their fields, both empirical and theoretical, but to reason with them as tools of their science. While the two dimensional space of diagrams might seem restrictive, scientific diagrams can depict many more than two elements, can be used to visualize the same materials in myriad different ways, and can be constructed in a considerable variety of forms. This article takes up two generic puzzles about 2D visualizations. First, How do scientists in different communities use 2D spaces to depict materials that are not fundamentally spatial? This prompts the distinction between diagrams that operate in different kinds of spaces: real, ideal, and artificial. And second, How do diagrams, in these different usages of 2D space, support various kinds of visual reasoning that cross over between inductive and deductive? The argument links the representational form and content of a diagram (its vocabulary and grammar) with the kinds of inferential and manipulative reasoning that are afforded, and constrained, by scientists’ different usages of 2D space.

Ghosts in Their Shells

Science fiction has often been a site for interrogating the possibilities and limits of the human, through such stock inventions as robots, cyborgs, and artificial intelligence. This reflection focuses on three versions of a single science fiction story, Ghost in the Shell, all involving a different medium of expression: comic book, animation, and live-action film. Not only does this story, about a cyborg military agent battling a disembodied artificial intelligence villain, raise the usual questions about humanness as embodiment, memory, self-consciousness, and political rights, but the three different versions reveal the various ways that representational form also imbues its characters with humanness, through movement, dialogue, psychological depth, historical background, and visual richness.

The Poetic Generation of Place: Ethnography for a Better World

In this article, I employ the ethnographer poetic as a strategic provocation to rethink the foundation of contemporary ethnography. The root of the word poet or poem is the ancient Greek concept of poiesis. Poiesis is defined as making. While in the Greek tradition poiesis foregrounded an analysis of the arts or aesthetics, contemporary usages highlight the making of a social or political dimension. Drawing from the social and political dimensions of poiesis, I argue that the ethnographer does more than simply represent a social context, and, instead, calls the place into existence. The ethnographer poet transforms ethnography from a representational form of inquiry into a generative poetics of place. This allows for a new social mythos to emerge in which the field of ethnography is brought into the service of envisioning and working toward a society that is hopeful, abundant, vibrant, and just.