Determination of morphological changes using gamma irradiation technology on capsicum specie varieties

The recent increase in the demand of hot and chili pepper at local, national, and international market has drawn the interest of breeders’ crop improvement researchers globally. Thus, there is a need to enhance its breeding and development to improve the production of hot and chilies pepper in the quest for food quality and security. This study focused on the germination ability and evaluation of chlorophyll mutations in M2 generation of gamma irradiates on pepper cultivars. The materials used in this experiment were obtained from the M1 generation of gamma-irradiated seeds of pepper cultivars (Capsicum frutescens, Capsicum chinense, and Capsicum annuum (hot pepper, bonnet pepper, and bell pepper, respectively)). Seeds of the pepper varieties were subjected to doses of gamma ray (i.e., 0, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, and 400 Gy) after which they were planted, raised, and harvested in the M2 generation. The parameters evaluated were germination percentage, survival percentage, epicotyl height, and chlorophyll mutations. However, the highest chlorophyll mutation frequency was observed in C. frutescens. This showed that it was more sensitive to gamma irradiation relative to C. chinense and C. annuum. virescenes were the highest chlorophyll mutant observed in all the three cultivars, while the least was Xanthan. The effective dose ranges between 50 and 250 Gy for germination and survival rate for the three cultivars of pepper give higher desirable mutations in the pepper cultivars. While 400 Gy recorded most efficient for chlorophyll mutation.

Study on mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency of mutagens in inducing chlorophyll mutations in m2 generation in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ]

An investigation was carried out to create the variability generated through induced mutation in two sorghum populations viz., 296 B (Kharif) and Parbhani Moti (Rabi). Two mutagens viz., gamma irradiation (10 kR, 20kR, 30kR and 40kR) and EMS (0.1%EMS, 0.2%EMS, 0.3%EMS and 0.3%EMS) and their combination were used M2 generation. Mutagenic sensitivity in M2 generation on the basis of reduced germination and plant survival revealed a dose dependent reaction and differential response of the populations. In general, chlorophyll mutation frequency expressed on M2 seedling basis increased linearly with doses of three the mutagens in 296 B and Parbhani Moti. The frequency was more in 296 B followed by Parbhani Moti of three mutagens. The spectrum of chlorophyll mutations comprised albina, xantha, viridis, xanthaviridis, chlorina. The most frequently occurred mutant was viridis type followed by chlorina in all the populations. The population 296 B had expressed largest frequency of chlorophyll mutants followed by Parbhani Moti.

Induction of chlorophyll mutation through physical and chemical mutagen in Phaseolus lunatus (Lima Bean)

The present investigation was undertaken to study the frequency of chlorophyll deficient sectors and chlorophyll mutants induced by Gamma rays at the dosage of 240Gy,300Gy,360Gy,420Gy, Ethyl Methene Sulphate (EMS) at the concentrations of 0.25%,0.50%,0.75%,1% and the Combination of both (Gamma rays and EMS) like 240Gy+1%, 300Gy+0.75%, 360Gy+0.50%, 420Gy+0.25% in the variety ‘King of Garden’ Phaseolus lunatus (lima bean).The chlorophyll mutants were observed in all the three mutagenic treatments in the lima bean. These mutants were White (Albina), Yellow (Xantha), Yellow green (Chlorina) and Light green (Viridis). They were screened after 10-15 days of old seedling and were found at the margin of the leaflet or the entire leaflet.Induced mutation in the sectors of the leaves resulted into chlorophyll chimeric plants. The scoring of chlorophyll mutation frequency in M2 generation was one of the most reliable measures for evaluating the mutagenic induced genetic altercation of the mutagen treatments used in the ideotype. The frequency of chlorophyll mutants increased with the increase in the dose/concentration of the mutants. They can be screened and enhanced through mutation breeding for enormous yield.