Oral human papillomavirus infection in England and associated risk factors: a case–control study

ObjectivesThis study was conducted to determine the prevalence of and associated risk factors for infection with oral high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) in adult participants within England, and to explore any association with oral mucosal buccal epithelial cell and whole blood folate concentration.DesignThis was an observational study to determine oral HR-HPV prevalence in the study population. A case–control study was performed to explore the association between infection and folate status.SettingThis study was conducted in Sheffield, UK, between April 2013 and August 2014.ParticipantsSeven hundred participants, aged 18–60 years, were recruited from university students (n=179), university and hospital staff (n=163), dental hospital patients (n=13), Sexual Health Sheffield patients (n=122) and the general public (n=223).InterventionsParticipants completed a lifestyle and sexual behaviour questionnaire, provided an oral rinse and gargle sample for the detection of oral HR-HPV and an oral mucosal buccal epithelial cell sample for the measurement of oral mucosal buccal epithelial cell folate. A blood sample was collected for measurement of whole blood folate concentration.Outcome measuresThe prevalence of oral HR-HPV infection in the study population was the primary outcome measure. Secondary outcome measures included associations between risk factors, folate status and infection.ResultsThe prevalence of oral HR-HPV infection in this cohort was 2.2% (15/680) with 0.7% (5/680) positive for HPV16 or HPV18. Twenty samples were excluded due to insufficient material for HPV detection. Participants with oral HR-HPV infection were more likely to be a former smoker, and have a greater number of sexual and oral sexual partners. Folate status was not linked to likelihood of HPV infection.ConclusionsThe prevalence of oral infection with HR-HPV in adult men and women in Sheffield in the North of England was low. Smoking and sexual behaviour were associated with HR-HPV positivity.Trial registration numberID14106.

Salivary Nitric Oxide Levels and Buccal Epithelial Cell DNA Damage in Oral Cancer - A Biochemical Study

Background: Cancer is the one of the common cause of mortality in developed and developing countries. Tobacco in any form is found to induce cancer formation. Oral cancer is a multistage process with progressive changes occurring in genetic and cellular morphology as the disease progresses from the normal to premalignant state and then to malignant state. Recent studies have emphasised that nitric oxide is a highly reactive molecule that interacts with DNA resulting in DNA damage.The objective of the present study was to evaluate the nitric oxide levels in the saliva and buccal epithelial cell DNA damage in patients with oral cancer. Material and methods: In this study nitric oxide levels in saliva and buccal epithelial cell DNA damage were estimated in 20 healthy individuals without oral lesions and 20 patients with oral cancer. Results: The mean values of salivary nitric oxide levels were significantly greater in oral cancer patients (126.2155+/- 2.7587) when compared to that of controls (76.111+/-μM/L). Similarly the extent of DNA damage was higher in subjects with oral cancer (28.099+/- 1.2696) than in controls (9.15+/- 0.9131). Pearson's correlation between nitric oxide levels in saliva and extent of DNA damage were found to be moderately correlated in controlsr=0.491 (p<0.01) and in oral cancer patientsr=0.428 (p<0.01). Conclusion: The results of present study illustrate an active involvement of nitric oxide which is derived from tobacco and its related products in the initiation of DNA damage and subsequent formation of oral cancer.