Parasites and Parasitic Diseases of Laboratory Animals in Plateau State Nigeria: The Zoonotic Implications

Parasitic infections in laboratory animals, are detrimental to the success of researches and can also infect personnel and researchers. This study is aimed at investigating the parasitic infections of laboratory animals maintained in animal houses of The National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria, as well determining the zoonotic implications of the parasites. Two hundred and six laboratory animals (55 guinea pigs, 72 rabbits, 29 rats and 50 mice) were sampled. Faecal samples and skin scrapings were collected and subjected to parasitological analyses. Pathological examinations were conducted on laboratory animals that had skin lesions. Sixteen different species comprising of 7 nematodes, 5 cestodes, 3 protozoans, and 1 mite were detected. Eimeria species (40/206; 19.42%; 95% CI = 14.44 – 25.25) was the most prevalent parasite, followed by Syphacia muris (26/206; 12.62%; 95% CI = 8.59 – 17.69). Entamoeba caviae, Tritrichomonas caviae, Rodentolepis microstoma, Rodentolepis nana, Heterakis spumosa, Capillaria hepatica and Cysticercus fasciolaris were the least prevalent with a 0.49% prevalence each. Three, four, five and six different species of parasites were detected in mice, guinea pigs, rats and rabbits respectively. The Chi square analysis revealed that the infection rate of parasites was significantly higher (p = <0.01) in mice compared to guinea pigs, rabbits and rats. Of the Sixteen species of parasites detected, Eimeria species, Syphacia muris, Rodentolepis diminuta, Rodentolepis microstoma, Rodentolepis nana, and Capillaria hepatica are zoonotic. This study showed that 40.29% of the studied laboratory animals were infected with one parasite species or the other. The outcome of this study stresses the zoonotic implications of the parasites detected. We thereby advise researchers and handlers to take caution and apply utmost sanitary measures in the handling of laboratory animals so as to prevent themselves from been infected with these zoonotic parasites.

Capillaria hepatica (syn. Calodium hepaticum) as a Cause of Asymptomatic Liver Mass

Capillaria hepatica (syn. Calodium hepaticum) is a parasitic nematode of rodents, rarely infecting humans. An asymptomatic Israeli adult male with extensive travel history was diagnosed with a liver mass on routine post-thymectomy follow-up. Imaging and computer tomography (CT) guided biopsy were inconclusive. Surgical excision revealed an eosinophilic granuloma with fragments of a nematode suspected to be C. hepatica. Molecular methods verified the diagnosis, and the patient was treated empirically. This is the first case of hepatic capillariasis described in Israel, and the first to be diagnosed using molecular methods.

True Infection by Capillaria hepatica in a Dog

Background: Capillaria hepatica is a nematode, zoonotic, with worldwide distribution. The main hosts are rodents, nevertheless other mammals can be affected. Although the parasite has high affinity for the liver, it rarely causes a hepatic disease in domestic animals and humans. The diagnosis is difficult and usually a biopsy is required. The treatment is difficult and is based in anti-helminthic and corticoid, but prevention is the best strategy against the disease. The aim of the present report is to describe a case of hepatic capillariosis in a dog approaching the clinical signs, diagnosis and therapeutic. Case: A 12-year-old Brazilian Terrier bitch, with a history of visit to the farm and regular hunting of rats, frogs, birds and other wild animals, was attended with hyporexia and apathy. At the physical exam the dog presented elevation of rectal temperature, intense jaundice and abdominal pain. In the biochemical exams was noticed a slight increase in globulins and a sharp increase in alkaline phosphatase (AP), total, direct and indirect bilirubin, suggesting a liver injury. In the ultrasonographic exam, hepatomegaly with dispersed hyperechoic areas were observed, suggesting hepatic steatosis. The patient was treated with ursodesoxicolic acid and S-adenosil metionin for 30 consecutive days, showing a clinic improvement. Two months after the end of the treatment the animal worsened, showing jaundice, ascites, motor incoordination, weakness, difficulty in food and water ingestion and changes in the mental state. In the complete blood count was observed a macrocytic hypochromic regenerative anemia, leukocytosis with neutrophilia and monocytosis and thrombocytopenia. In biochemical exams was detected decrease in creatinine and albumin and increase in alanine aminotransferase and AP, suggesting hepatopathy by biliary obstruction. There were performed exams for leishmania and ehrlichiosis that tested negative. In the ultrasonographic exam it was noticed that the liver had the same alterations and the presence of free fluid in the abdominal cavity. Due to the deterioration of the clinical picture a blood transfusion was necessary, however the patient worsened and presented respiratory difficulty for a bilateral pleural effusion. Then, the fluid was drained and a treatment with S-adenosil metionin, silymarin, ursodesoxicolic acid, doxycycline and prednisolone was started. After 17 days, a hepatic biopsy was performed, but the patient died at the surgery desk. Samples from the liver were collected for histopathologic exam. The diagnosis was confirmed in hepatic capillariosis and periportal chronic hepatitis, with the visualization of numerous parasites structures with bioperculated barrel shape. Discussion: Due to the nonspecific clinical alterations observed in the patient and the low prevalence of C. hepatica in domestic animals, there was a difficulty in the diagnosis which lead to a symptomatic, nonspecific and inefficient treatment that culminate with the death of the patient. The histopathologic exam of the liver is the best manner to find the correct diagnosis of C. hepatica infection, once the parasites eggs remains in the liver parenchyma wrapped by fibrosis and aren´t eliminate in the feces. The eggs elimination in the environment just occur after the death of the animal. Although there didn't exist a consensus about hepatic capillariosis treatment yet, if the diagnosis were done earlier, a specific treatment with better chances of a good result could be performed. We concluded that hepatic capillariosis should be included in differential diagnosis for patients with hepatic syndrome, mainly if the animal had a hunting habit and if it had access to surroundings with high rats’ infestation.

Heminthiasis in a Wild Rats (Rattus sp.) in Surabaya

The research was done to investigated and find out whether in the rat’s (Rattus sp.) body in Surabaya contained zoonotic helminth.This research used 31 rats taken from North Surabaya, South Surabaya, East Surabaya, West Surabaya and Central Surabaya, regardless of gender and age. 1 sample from Mulyosari, 3 samples from Bratang, 7 samples from Pegirian, and 20 samples came from Keputran. The result of 31 samples of rat’s digestive organs examine using a surgical method showed positive resulth of the presence of Hymenolepis diminutain the intestine and 5 positive samples were Capillaria hepatica, and then 25 positive samples were Taenia taeniaformis obtained from rat liver organs. From exploration using a microscope, 27 samples showed positive result in the presence of Capillaria hepatica’s eggs. Helminth found in this research are Hymenolepis diminuta, Taenia taeniaformis. and Capillaria hepatica which are zoonotic.