Anna Egorovna Dokuchaeva – the first Russian woman soil scientist

In 2021 we celebrate the 175th anniversary of the birth of the founder of Soil Science – Vasiliy Vasilievich Dokuchaev, and his wife and colleague – Anna Egorovna Dokuchaeva (Sinclair). V.V. Dokuchaev personally highly appreciated the outstanding role of Anna Egorovna in the formation of the Russian school of soil scientists, calling her the first Russian woman soil scientist. The article is devoted to the life of A.E. Dokuchaeva and based on the analysis of a few archival materials and literature. He emphasized its importance not only in his own life and scientific work, but also noted its influence on the formation of young soil scientists. By the moment of the meeting with V.V. Dokuchaev, Anna Egorovna was an educated and financially independent woman, had teaching experience and was the head of a private girls’ school, that belonged to her, and led an active social life. A successful, active, but at the same time the fragile young woman, being the head of educational institution, became for her husband not just a loving and beloved wife, but also a loyal companion and assistant, in whom he always found understanding and encouragement, his reliable support. Anna Egorovna helped her husband with translations with scientific articles, participated with him in the preparation and work of the VIII Congress of Russian Naturalists and Doctors, traveled with Vasiliy Vasilievich on expeditions, and processed the materials collected. This is only a small part of what Anna Egorovna did in Soil Science and of what we know today from documents and memoirs, most likely her scientific activity was much wider. In the Dokuchaevs’ house, there was a close connection between the family and Anna Egorovna’s scientific activities, which only people close to the family, friends, and students of Vasiliy Vasilievich knew about, but for most people Anna Egorovna was not a scientist.

H. Kant’s Autobiographical Novel «The Stay» («Der Aufenthalt», 1976): Fiction and Reality

The theme of Kant’s autobiographical novel «The Stay» (Der Aufenthalt, 1976) is the spiritual rebirth of German prisoner of war, a soldier of the Hitlerite ar-my. The article reveals the interaction of two components found in the novel: the fic-tional and the real ones in depicting this complex psychological process. The analysis of the chapters (X, XV, VI) shows various forms of artistic –aesthetic processing of authentic autobiographical material. In Chapter X the author «collects» his own emotional impressions, experienced by him in different periods of his life (such as cold, loneliness, hunger) and «ties» them to the situation of the main character sitting in a lonely cell in a prison. In Chapter XV he «adds» to real autobiographical facts an important artistic detail –a school pencil case of a Jewish girl killed by Nazis. In Chapter VI Kant makes a masterful use of temporal and narrative distance: the hero estimates the decisive episode of his youth –a conversation with a Russian woman-doctor from the viewpoint of a mature person recalling his life.

V.M. Shukshin’s CREATIVITY: the prospects of linguistic rEsearch

В статье рассматриваются аспекты изучения творчества В.М. Шукшина. Описывается динамика исследования произведений писателя, подробно анализируются подходы к его творческому наследию. Подчеркивается большое внимание исследователей к творчеству В.М. Шукшина, обусловленное стремлением познать многогранность его таланта. Начиная с 1960-х годов важную роль в исследовании творческого наследия В.М. Шукшина играла литературная критика. На следующем этапе внимание исследователей привлекает как поэтика стиля, так и художественно˗речевая структура прозы писателя. В статье указаны работы исследователей, занимавшихся данными вопросами. Подчеркивается важность рассмотрения творческого наследия В.М. Шукшина как части мировой культуры, в связи с чем большой интерес представляет исследование словаря писателя. В статье представлена типология словарей языка В.М. Шукшина. В работе отмечается, что проза В.М. Шукшина имеет связь с жанрами русского фольклора, в его произведениях раскрывается русский национальный характер. Как отдельный аспект изучения выделяется исследование ономастики и образной лексики писателя с целью раскрытия образа русской женщины, представленного в шукшинских текстах. Недостаточная изученность ономастикона писателя делает актуальным дальнейшее изучение этого аспекта. The article considers the aspects of study of the creativity of V.M. Shukshin. The dynamics of research of the writer's works is described; the approaches to his creative heritage are analyzed in detail. The great attention of researchers to the work of V.M. Shukshin is emphasized. Since the 1960s, literary criticism has played an important role in the study of V.M. Shukshin's creative heritage. At the next stage, the attention of researchers is attracted both by the poetics of style and the artistic-verbal structure of the writer's prose. The article lists the work of researchers dealing with these issues. The importance of considering the creative heritage of V.M. Shukshin as a part of world culture is emphasized. In this connection, the study of the dictionary of the writer is of great interest. The article presents the typology of VM Shukshin's dictionaries. It is noted that V.M. Shukshin's prose has a connection with the genres of Russian folklore, in his works the Russian national character is revealed. As a separate aspect of the study, the linguistic study of onomastics and figurative vocabulary of the writer stands out in order to reveal the image of a Russian woman, is presented in Shukshin's texts. The writer's onomasticon makes has not been studied enough yet, which further research of this aspect relevant.

Marriage and Family in the East: Russian view

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of marriage and family relations in the middle East. It is based on the reflections of a Russian woman who lived for many years in a marriage with a Syrian citizen. The Russian woman’s view on different aspects of the phenomenon of the Eastern family, ways of integrating a foreign woman into Eastern society, taking place against the background of the activation of the processes of feminization of modern Western and neighboring societies, and the diversity of forms of emancipation of women.

«Just as if you pay a visit to paradise and forget about everything…» Essay by E. Dyakonova about Abkhazia

The Department of Manuscripts of the RSL contains a little-known essay “On Black Sea Coast” by Yelizaveta D’yakonova, included in the “Diary of a Russian Woman”. The young female writer presents the information she knows about the history of Abkhazia and the New Athos Monastery named after Simon the Canaanean, she shares her impressions of her stay in these places. The facts from the history of Abkhazia cited in the essay may have been gleaned by her from various publications with which she could get acquainted while living in Abkhazia or already upon her arrival in St. Petersburg. This work is only a part of her notes, written in Abkhazia, as there are still more extensive rough notes, which she probably also wanted to include in her “Diary...”.

On the Question of “Living Life” in Dostoevsky’s Novel The Adolescent

The article examines the specifics of Dostoevsky’s comprehension of the phenomenon of “living life” and its correlation with the female images in the novel The Adolescent. The author assumes that the decision to name Katerina Nikolaevna Akhmakova “living life” belongs exclusively to the fantasy of Arkady, who is in love with her, carried away and blinded by the her brilliant beauty, and it does not coincide with the author’s position. Sometimes in Dostoevsky studies it is stated the vagueness of Dostoevsky’s ideas about “living life”, however, as it is proved by the numerous contexts of the use of the formula in journalism and the writer’s notebooks (including during the making of the novel The Adolescent), Dostoevsky had a very specific view of this phenomenon and associated it with the “great idea” of the immortality of the soul, and with the special maternal and messianic role of Orthodox Russia. In this regard, the article suggests that the author’s concept of “living life” is nearer to the image of the “mother” Sofia Andreevna Dolgorukaya. It is concluded that in the novel, with the help of opposition and at the same time juxtaposition of the “queen of the earth” and the “angel of heaven”, Dostoevskij creates an artistic image of the Russian woman in its dual unity: flesh, intellect (Akhmakova) and soul, heart (Sophia). The personalities of both heroines also embody Dostoevsky’s idea of “life” in its various forms: the earthly one, made of flesh, and the heavenly, made of spirit.

Тема России, объединяющей народы, в проектах монументальной живописи Евгения Лансере

This article discusses how the canon of the allegorical representation of Russia evolved. Formed in the eighteenth century by Western European masters, it was revised by Eugene Lanceray between 1915 and 1916 in his projects for the ceiling at the Kazan railway station in Moscow. In the 1920s, both the new leadership and the youth rejected the attempts to use old iconography. Thus, in the early 1930s, a new canon showing the USSR as a country that unites workers of different backgrounds appeared. It was used in the Palaces of Culture until the 1950s. Moreover, in 1945 Lanceray proposed a new allegory for peace in the image of a Russian woman with a child, which was later transformed into different versions of the allegory of the Motherland.

Towards the doctrine of the normal and narrow pelvis of the Russian woman

If you follow closely the course of the birth act consistently in many women in labor and you are critical of each deviation from the normal course, you cannot fail to notice that most of these deviations are more or less closely related to the spatial discrepancy between the capacity of the pelvic canal and the head of the fetus.