Sanitary wares (Wash-basin) product industry situation and quality analysis

Sanitary ceramic products refer to glazed ceramic products used for sanitary installations. Sanitary wares products are divided into ceramic Sanitary wares and ceramic Sanitary wares according to different materials. According to use divide for implement kind, basin kind. The urinal type includes sit urinal, squat urinal, urinal; The basin category includes the Wash-basiner, washing tank, mop pool and so on. Among them, the Wash-basiner refers to the glazed ceramic products used for washing face and hands. It is a necessary sanitary equipment in family or public places and has become an essential sanitary appliance in people’s life.

VIM-Positive Pseudomonas aeruginosa Sink Colonization Dynamics in Patient Rooms of a Dutch Tertiary-Care Hospital

Background: In hospitals, Verona integron-encoded metallo-β-lactamase (VIM)–positive Pseudomonas aeruginosa (VPPA) frequently colonize sink drains. Sink use has been shown to disperse VPPA to other surfaces surrounding sinks, creating a potential transmission source. Objective: Because VPPA have been isolated from sinks and patients within our hospital, we analyzed colonization dynamics in 2 sinks identified as VPPA hot spots between 2012 and 2018. Methods: One sink was in an intensive care unit (ICU) patient room and the other was in a gastrointestinal surgery (GIS) patient room. ICU patients were screened for VPPA on admission, at discharge, and weekly during hospitalization. GIS patients were screened for VPPA only on clinical indication. In this study, patient and sink isolates were typed at 8 loci using multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA). Results: Overall, 19 sink isolates from the ICU room were included. In 2013, VPPA isolates with identical VNTR genotypes (“clone B,” VNTR nos. 2-4-8-4-4-5-10-[-2]) were found in the wash basin, aerator, drain, and siphon. The drain plug was replaced in August 2013, but B was isolated from the drain 1 month later. Every year between 2014 and 2018, clone B and other closely related genotypes were recovered from this drain. In 2018, clone B was also found on the wash basin and counter. No positive patients were identified in this room until 2016, when a patient acquired clone B 6 days after admission. From the GIS room, 6 sink isolates and 4 patients’ isolates were included. In 2012, clone B was found on the wash basin and sink drain plug. Also, 3 VPPA-positive patients stayed in this room in 2012: at discharge, 1 patient was colonized by “clone A,” VNTR numbers 6-7-8-5-9-8-6-1. Furthermore, 2 other patients screened positive for clone B prior to admission in 2012, so they likely acquired VPPA elsewhere. The drain plug was replaced in 2013, and no VPPA was found again until 2017, when 2 VPPA-positive patients stayed in this room: 1 was already a carrier of clone B, and the other was a carrier of clone B 1 day after admission. No positive sink cultures were found until January 2018, when closely related B isolates were recovered from the wash basin, drain, and drain plug. Conclusions: Between 2013 and 2018, clone B persisted in the ICU room sink. In the GIS room sink, clone B may have disappeared after 2012, but it was reintroduced by known carriers. However, few patients became colonized after being admitted to these rooms, even when VPPA were discovered on surfaces outside the sink drain (ie, the wash basin and counter).Funding: NoneDisclosures: None

Archaic-Age Architecture in Northwest Colorado

Archaic-era hunter-gatherers in the Wyoming Basin—which extends across southwest Wyoming and northwest Colorado—built domed or conical architectural features, with some exhibiting far more substantial construction than others. These structures are often archaeologically preserved as large elliptical basins, defined by charcoal-stained sediment that filled habitation footprints after abandonment. Many of these basins, or house pits, are probably residential remains, although some may have had other uses. The recent discovery of 32 house pits in Colorado’s Yampa Valley in the Sand Wash Basin has expanded the regional dataset, increasing our understanding of Archaic-era lifeways in northwestern Colorado. These discoveries further demonstrate the highly variable nature of Archaic-era structures, reflecting the adaptability of a mobile lifestyle to a specific place and time. Archaic-era use of these features in northwest Colorado occurred between about 8100 and 3755 cal B.P., demonstrating the usefulness of such shelters across a wide range of climate regimes. The greatest numbers were built between 6800 and 6000 cal B.P., coinciding with the mid-Holocene thermal maximum, when the residential settlement pattern grew more restricted, centering on water, food, and shelter resources. As the warm, arid climate ameliorated after 5500 cal B.P., use of such shelters began to decrease, demonstrating a return to higher residential mobility with greater availability of resources in the cooler, wetter climate. A comparison of Yampa Valley house pits with northern Wyoming Basin house pits indicates that Archaic-era people utilized similar structures as part of a highly adaptable mobile lifestyle for thousands of years across the Wyoming Basin.

Archaic-Age Architecture in Northwest Colorado

Archaic-era hunter-gatherers in the Wyoming Basin—which extends across southwest Wyoming and northwest Colorado—built domed or conical architectural features, with some exhibiting far more substantial construction than others. These structures are often archaeologically preserved as large elliptical basins, defined by charcoal-stained sediment that filled habitation footprints after abandonment. Many of these basins, or house pits, are probably residential remains, although some may have had other uses. The recent discovery of 32 house pits in Colorado’s Yampa Valley in the Sand Wash Basin has expanded the regional dataset, increasing our understanding of Archaic-era lifeways in northwestern Colorado. These discoveries further demonstrate the highly variable nature of Archaic-era structures, reflecting the adaptability of a mobile lifestyle to a specific place and time. Archaic-era use of these features in northwest Colorado occurred between about 8100 and 3755 cal B.P., demonstrating the usefulness of such shelters across a wide range of climate regimes. The greatest numbers were built between 6800 and 6000 cal B.P., coinciding with the mid-Holocene thermal maximum, when the residential settlement pattern grew more restricted, centering on water, food, and shelter resources. As the warm, arid climate ameliorated after 5500 cal B.P., use of such shelters began to decrease, demonstrating a return to higher residential mobility with greater availability of resources in the cooler, wetter climate. A comparison of Yampa Valley house pits with northern Wyoming Basin house pits indicates that Archaic-era people utilized similar structures as part of a highly adaptable mobile lifestyle for thousands of years across the Wyoming Basin.

Seismotectonics of the Grand Wash Arizona Area

The Grand Wash basin is located in northwest Arizona adjacent to the physiographic boundary of the Colorado plateau. The area is well mapped geologically and is geophysically similar to the Basin and Range and Transition Zone in structural style and history. The occurrence of a rare swarm of earthquakes in 2016 in the basin area served as an opportunity to perform a seismotectonic analysis of the Grand Wash basin. Results of the analysis indicate the basin is presently undergoing mild east west extension. The east west extension and associated seismicity of the swarm are here suggested to be the result of stress created by negative gravitational potential energy of the Colorado plateau relative to the lower Basin and Range and Transition Zone. This is suggested by the clockwise rotation of the extensional stress at about 36° N on both the plateau and the Basin and Range and Transition zone.

Sanitser, an innovative sanitary ware body, formulated with waste glass and recycled materials

In the present paper, the results of “Sanitser” Life European project are presented. The aim of this study was to reduce the firing temperature for ceramic body (from 1250 to 1170 °C). This was achieved substituting feldspar and quartz with recycled blend materials and a little percentage of flux (less than 3%); in a sanitary ware vitreous china formulation a waste glass, granitic materials and fired broken ceramic pieces were introduced. Tests performed on the Sanitser formulation showed that it has the same final physical-chemical characteristics of the industrial vitreous china (VC) body. Besides, different ceramic pieces (wash basin, bidet and WC pan) were compared with VC production. The results showed that Sanitser body can replace vitreous china in the sanitary ware production. In this project, the firing temperature of the ceramic body is reduced significantly with a supposed decrease of the CO2 emissions. In Sanitser formulation, about 43.6% of recycled materials that would end in dumps were utilized.