Role of Raktmokshana (Siravedh) & Shaman Chikitsa in Vicharchika - A Case Study

In ayurvedic texts, all skin diseases are classified under Mahakushtha and Kshudrakushtha. Vicharchika is a type of Kshudrakushtha. It can be correlated with eczema according to modern science. Eczema is characterised by dry itchy skin with areas of poorly demarcated scales. In acute phase eczema may be vesicular and oozing. In chronic phase, it may become hyperpigmented and lichenified. Modern dermatology employs systemic and local administration of steroids for the management of eczema. Despite an initial response, maintenance therapies with small doses of systemic and topical glucocorticoids usually produce hazardous ill effects. So attempt has been made to treat eczema by Ayurvedic medicine. Ayurveda focuses on underlying etiopathogenesis and treats the root cause of the disease. The present study has been done to evaluate the efficacy of Shodhana i.e.Raktamokshan(siravedha) and Shaman Chikitsa in Vicharchika.

COMBINED EFFECTS OF QUERCETIN AND MODULATORS OF REDOX SENSITIVE FACTORS ON THE INDICATORS OF SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, CARBOHYDRATE AND LIPID METABOLISM IN RATS EXPOSED TO INTRAPERITONEAL AND INTRAGINGIVAL ADMINISTRATION OF SALMONELLA TYPHI LIPOPOLY

The experiment on 70 white rats was designed to investigate the effects of a water-soluble form of quercetin and modulators of AP-1 and Nrf2 transcription factors on the blood indicators of the systemic inflammatory response (SIR), and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism under the conditions of intraperitoneal and intra-gingival administration of S. typhi lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The animals were divided into 7 groups: the 1st group consisted of intact rats; the 2nd group included animals exposed to combined systemic and local administration of LPS - pyrogenal; the 3rd, 4th and 5th groups included the animals who were respectively injected with water-soluble complex of quercetin and polyvinylpyrrolidone (corvitin) in a dose of 100 mg/kg (10 mg/kg in terms of quercetin), an inhibitor of activation of AP-1 SR 11302 (in a dose of 1 mg / kg) and Keap1 / Nrf2 / antioxidant-responsive element (ARE) signaling pathway inducer epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG, in a dose of 21.1 mg / kg) 3 times a week, starting on the 30th day since the experiment modeling. The 6th and 7th groups of the rats were subjected to combined effects of quercetin + SR 11302 and quercetin + EGCG, respectively. The study has demonstrated the combination of quercetin and SR 11302, or EGCG, in systemic and local administration of S. typhi lipopolysaccharide more effectively prevents the production of ceruloplasmin, a SIR marker, by-products of lipid peroxidation in rats’ blood, as well as increases its antioxidant potential compared to the separate application of these drugs. The combination of quercetin and SR 11302, or EGCG, under the experimental conditions has been found out to more effectively correct carbohydrate metabolism disorders (hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance) than this occurs under separate usage of the agents, but does not reveal significant synergism in the correction of dyslipoproteinemia.

CO-EFFECT PRODUCED BY WATER-SOLUBLE FORM OF QUERCETIN AND INHIBITOR OF AP-1 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR ON DISINTEGRATION OF PERIODONTIUM ORGANIC MATRIX IN RATS DURING SYSTEMIC AND LOCAL ADMINISTRATION OF SALMONELLA TYPHI LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE

The aim of the present study was to investigate the co-effect produced by water-soluble form of quercetin and SR 11302, an inhibitor of AP-1 transcription factor, on biochemical depolymerization markers of periodontal organic matrix during systemic and local administration of S. typhi lipopolisaccharide (LPS). The studies were conducted on 25 white rats of the Wistar line weighing 180-220 g, divided into 5 groups: the 1st group included the intact animals, the 2nd group was made up of the animals subject to the combined systemic and local LPS administration, the 3rd and 4th groups included animals, which were given injections with water-soluble form of quercetin (10 mg / kg) and AP-1 activation inhibitor SR 11302 (1 mg / kg) respectively 3 times a week starting on the 30th day of the systemic LPS administration, and the 5th group involved rats, which were injected with co-administered water-soluble form of quercetin and SR 11302. It has been found out the the quercetin and SR 11302 co-administration during systemic and local LPS administration is accompanied with reduced concentration of free hydroxyproline and N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) in the soft and bone tissues of the periodontium compared with the results obtained during the separate administration of these agents. The content of glycosaminoglycans did not change. We can suggest that the co-administration of the water-soluble form of quercetin and SR 11302, the AP-1 activation inhibitor, during systemic and local administration of the S. typhi lipopolysaccharide is a more effective means of correcting disorders of the periodontal connective tissue than when the agents are used separately.

QUERCETIN POTENTIATES ANTIRADICAL PROPERTIES OF EPIGALLOCATECHIN-3-GALLATE IN PERIODONTIUM OF RATS UNDER SYSTEMIC AND LOCAL ADMINISTRATION OF LIPOPOLISACCHARIDE OF SALMONELLA TYPHI

Introduction: There has been demonstrated that pharmaceutical effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a polyphenol, which is found in green tea (Camellia sinensis), is implemented through the activation of Nrf2 (Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2).The importance of Keap1 / Nrf2 / antioxidant response element (ARE) system is determined by the fact that the state of NF-κB- and АР-1-associated pathways depends on its activity. Recent studies have demonstrated the property of quercetin to suppress ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis of complex of NF-κB and its inhibitory protein IκB. All this provides preconditions to eliminate the potentiality of NF-κB-dependent expression of the number of genes of pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory proteins. However, co-effect produced by quercetin and EGCG on the oxidative nitrosative stress markers in the periodontal tissues is still unclear. The aim: To investigate the co-effect produced by quercetin and an inducer of the Keap1 / Nrf2 / ARE epigallocatechin-3-gallate on markers of oxidative-nitrosative stress in rats’ periodontium under the systemic and local administration of Salmonella typhi lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Materials and methods: The studies were conducted on 30 white rats of the Wistar line, divided into 5 groups: the 1st included intact animals, the 2nd was made up of animals after their exposure to combined systemic and local LPS administration, the 3rd and 4th groups included animals, which were given injections with water-soluble form of quercetin (corvitin) and EGCG respectively, and the 5th group involved rats, which were injected with co-administered corvitin and EGCG. The formation of superoxide anion radical (.О-2 ) was evaluated by a test with nitro blue tetrazolium using spectrophotometry of the periodontal soft tissue homogenate. The total activity of NO-synthase and concentration of peroxynitrite in the homogenate of the soft components of periodontium were evaluated spectrophotometrically. Results: Co-effect produced by corvitin and EGCG under systemic and local LPS administration is accompanied with reduced О-2 production by NADPH-dependent electron transport chains (microsomal and NOS) by 20.0 % (p<0.05) compared with values for the animals received separate corvitin during the experiment. .О-2 generation by the mitochondrial respiratory chain yielded to comparable data of the 3rd and 4th groups by 27.6 % (p<0.01) and 23.8 % (p<0.05) respectively. No differences were found between the groups exposed to combined or separate action of the above mentioned agents in the experiment when assessing О-2 generation by leukocyte NADPH-oxidase. Combined effect of corvitin and EGCG during systemic and local LSP administration showed the decrease in NOS activity and peroxynitrite concentration in periodontal tissues by 53.3 % (p<0.001) and 27.0 % (p<0.02) compared with the findings in the 3rd group, and by 42.0 % (p<0.01) and 22.3 % (p<0.01) in the 4th group. Conclusions: the co-administration of water-soluble form of quercetin and epigallocatechin-3-gallate under systemic and local introducing of lipopolysaccharide Salmonella typhi has been proven to be more effective means for preventing and correcting oxidative-nitrosative stress in the periodontal tissues than this occurs at separate administration of each of the polyphenols.

Systemic and Local Administration of Antimicrobial and Cell Therapies to Prevent Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus epidermidis-Induced Femoral Nonunions in a Rat Model

S. epidermidisis responsible for biofilm-related nonunions. This study compares the response toS. epidermidis-infected fractures in rats systemically or locally injected with vancomycin or bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in preventing the nonunion establishment. The 50% of rats receiving BMSCs intravenously (s-rBMSCs) died after treatment. A higher cytokine trend was measured in BMSCs locally injected rats (l-rBMSCs) at day 3 and in vancomycin systemically injected rats (l-VANC) at day 7 compared to the other groups. At day 14, the highest cytokine values were measured in l-VANC and in l-rBMSCs for IL-10.µCT showed a good bony bridging in s-VANC and excellent both in l-VANC and in l-rBMSCs. The bacterial growth was lower in s-VANC and l-VANC than in l-rBMSCs. Histology demonstrated the presence of new woven bone in s-VANC and a more mature bony bridging was found in l-VANC. The l-rBMSCs showed a poor bony bridging of fibrovascular tissue. Our results could suggest the synergic use of systemic and local injection of vancomycin as an effective treatment to prevent septic nonunions. This study cannot sustain the systemic injection of BMSCs due to high risks, while a deeper insight into local BMSCs immunomodulatory effects is mandatory before developing cell therapies in clinics.