Traditional geraizeiros communities in brazil territory: formation, identity and culture

In the Brazilian territory, as well as in the territories of Latin American countries (although it has greater ethnic and cultural diversity than other countries), it has in its history a trajectory in the formation of the Brazilian people who carry the presence of diversity in their company. In Brazil, indigenous people reach more than 300 ethnic groups, as native peoples and other groups of individuals generally limited as traditional communities, among them quilombolas, fishermen, riverside dwellers, caiçaras, babassu coconut breakers, communities grazing land, rubber tapper communities and the farmers. The identification of the breeding community has been sculpted over the course of centuries, passing from generation to generation, being the object of research of some scientific research works by universities and research groups in graduate programs. This work brings results of academic works concluded and that understand as a problem: “having its specific tradition and culture, but being in different regions, how can a traditional community of farmers be established?”. The work describes the identity of traditional breeder communities and mentions the existence of these communities in territories in other regions of Brazil.

La impunidad en Brasil: causas y consecuencias = Impunity in Brazil: causes and consequences

Resumen: El artículo busca entender las causas y consecuencias de la impunidad en Brasil. Para ello, el artículo trata la impunidad como consecuencia de factores institucionales y estructurales que sobreviven y se han reafirmado en la sociedad brasileña a lo largo de décadas. Las causas institucionales y estructurales de la impunidad –el sistema de recursos de apelación, la prescripción del crimen, la falta de capacidad del Estado, y la vulnerabilidad socioeconómica de determinados grupos sociales– son determinantes para la creación de una cultura que normaliza el no cumplimiento de penas, la falta de celeridad en los juicios y la aplicación de penas blandas. Con el objetivo de examinar estas causas y sus manifestaciones en varios ámbitos, el artículo identificó cuatro casos emblemáticos –la matanza de jóvenes frente a la Iglesia de la Candelaria en Rio de Janeiro en 1993, el asesinato del recolector de cauchos Chico Mendes en 1988, la corrupción en la Comisión de Presupuestos de la Cámara de Diputados en 1994 y la ruptura de la represa de residuos minerales en Mariana en 2015– que ilustran la existencia de factores institucionales y estructurales propulsores de la impunidad. A través de esos casos el artículo contempla varios delitos que incluyen crímenes de corrupción, ambiental y asesinato colectivo, y enfoca la resolución de cada uno de los casos destacando los elementos de impunidad. El análisis ilustra la impunidad de estos casos que revelan la constante incapacidad del Estado y de la sociedad en Brasil de hacer justicia.Palabras clave: Impunidad, justicia, ciudadanía, corrupción, derechos, BrasilAbstract: The article seeks to understand the causes and consequences of impunity in Brazil. With this purpose, the article treats impunity as a consequence of institutional and structural factors that survive and have been reaffirmed in the Brazilian society over the decades. The institutional and structural causes of impunity –the system of appeals, the prescription of crime, the lack of state capacity, and the socioeconomic vulnerability of certain social groups– are determinants for the creation of a culture that normalizes non-compliance of sentences, the lack of speed in the trials and the application of soft sentences. With the aim of examining these causes and their manifestations in several areas, the article identified four emblematic cases –the killing of teenagers in front of the Church of Candelaria in Rio de Janeiro in 1993, the murder of rubber tapper Chico Mendes in 1988, corruption in the Budget Committee of the National Chamber of Deputies in 1994 and the rupture of the mineral waste dam in Mariana in 2015– illustrating the existence of institutional and structural factors that foster impunity. Through these cases, the article contemplates several crimes that include corruption and environmental crimes as well as collective murder and focuses on the resolution of each of the cases, highlighting the elements of impunity. The analysis shows high levels of impunity that reveal the constant inability of the State and society in Brazil to carry out justice.Keywords: Impunity, justice, citizenship, corruption, rights, Brazil.

ANALISIS PRODUKTIVITAS DAN PENDAPATAN TENAGA KERJA PENYADAP KARET DI KABUPATEN JEMBER

Rubber plantation development has proven to be the economic driver of the region with a variety of multiplier effect. East Java is one of the potential areas for rubber plantations development. Rubber production in East Java in 2012 amounted to 6,085 tons. This study aims to determine the factors that influence the labor productivity of rubber tappers and differences in productivity, revenue, revenue contributions. This research was conducted by taking locations in Jember by taking Sumberwadung and Durjo plantations as research objects. Data analysis technique used is multiple linear recreation and different test. The analysis show: Labor productivity in plantation rubber tapper Sumberwadung influenced by the outpouring of hours of work, education and training and the environment and work climate. Labor productivity in plantation rubber tapper Durjo influenced by age, environment and climate and the number of family members.Productivity and revenue between growers and Durjo Sumberwadung no different. Labor income between growers and Durjo different Sumberwadung