Tensile Capacity of Adhesive Anchors in Damaged Masonry

In Europe, the qualification of injection anchors in masonry under static and quasi-static actions is based on an assessment of tests performed in undamaged masonry. Nevertheless, in seismic prone countries like Italy the influences deriving from earthquake actions cannot be disregarded. Masonry elements are very sensitive to cyclic/seismic action and research on the behavior of anchors in damaged masonry is rather limited. The paper presents the results of an experimental campaign aimed at evaluating the residual tensile strength of adhesive anchors installed into undamaged walls that were subsequently subjected to cyclic in-plane loading to simulate seismic actions before. Consequently, the anchors experienced different stresses depending on their location within the walls. Overall, 29 tests were performed with anchors placed both, in undamaged and damaged areas. The results showed that there is a correlation between residual tensile strength and masonry initial conditions, and therefore the installation of anchors in masonry elements should be carefully planned avoiding areas that could be heavily damaged during seismic events or considering redundant connections in critical areas. In particular, it seems that the width of the crack (created by cyclic actions) that passes nearby/into the anchor borehole is the main parameter that affects the ultimate resistance of the anchors.

Design Recommendations for Bonded Anchors under Fire Conditions Using the Resistance Integration Method

Fire design of cast-in place and post-installed anchors in concrete under fire is covered by EN 1992-4, Annex D, allowing steel- and concrete-related failure modes of anchors to be calculated. This informative annex of EN 1992-4 is limited to cast-in place or mechanical anchors, whereas post-installed adhesive anchors remain out of its scope. This paper presents a study of the applicability of the more flexible resistance integration method (RIM), proposed originally for the design of the pull-out resistance of post-installed reinforcement (PIR) by Pinoteau, on bonded anchors in uncracked concrete. This method is validated from a comparison of test results obtained from two research projects conducted at CSTB and TU Kaiserslautern on bonded anchors in uncracked concrete under ISO 834-1 fire conditions. The data considered include tests conducted on anchor sizes from M8-M30 using three different adhesives (two epoxy adhesives and one cementitious mortar). Design of the pull-out resistance under fire using RIM requires numerical calculation of temperature profiles considering models of concrete and steel elements; different assumptions about modeling these elements can produce vastly different end results. Finally, recommendations for assessment procedures for bonded anchors under fire conditions are provided as entry data for design.

Grips for testing of chemical (adhesive) anchors with periodic profile rebar

Современные приборы для испытаний на «вырыв» не комплектуются специальными захватами для связей и арматуры периодического профиля. Предложен новый тип захвата для испытаний муфта-захват. Проведены лабораторные испытания химических анкеров с арматурой периодического профиля с применением новых типов захватов (муфт-захватов). Выполнен сравнительный анализ полученных результатов испытаний анкеров с применением четырех типов захватов. Сформулированы предложения по применению захватов при проведении натурных испытаний на объекте и в лабораторных условиях.

Material-Dependent Shear Capacity of Threaded Rods

Currently, the determination of the shear capacity VRk,s0 of post installed adhesive anchors is already included in the current standardization and approval documents. Considering that EAD 330499-00-0601 allows for determining the shear resistance of a fastener only based on the characteristic steel ultimate tensile strength fuk determined from the material tensile tests, and without considering the actual ductility of the material used, this leads to a severe underestimation of the actual steel shear resistance. In order to efficiently determine the shear strength by calculation based on material characteristics, tensile and shear tests were carried out on metallic threaded rods and rebars to show their correlation with the material properties. A new correlation between tensile and shear strength is presented, which is based on the plasticity module Epl and allows a good prognosis of the shear strength.

CARACTERIZACIÓN EXPERIMENTAL DE ANCLAJES POST INSTALADOS DE GRAN CAPACIDAD EN SITUACIONES SÍSMICAS

A medida que mejoran la tecnología y disponibilidad de las resinas, el campo de aplicación del anclaje post instalado se va extendiendo a situaciones de mayor demanda mecánica. En el caso planteado en este estudio, se analiza la adecuación de anclajes post instalados de gran capacidad en un muro pantalla y una losa de hormigón armado de gran tamaño situados en zona sísmica. El anclaje tipo objeto de estudio se conforma con barras de acero equivalente al B500S de 32 mm de diámetro instalado con resina en un taladro de 40 mm de diámetro y 800 mm de profundidad. El procedimiento de validación más común para estos casos es el recogido en la norma ACI 355.4-11 (Qualification of Post-Installed Adhesive Anchors in Concrete). En esta norma se prescribe un diseño de probeta de la norma dirigido a anclajes de pequeño tamaño que, extrapolado al caso de estudio, haría inviable el ensayo. En este trabajo se propone un nuevo diseño de probeta compatible con los condicionantes mecánicos conceptuales de la ACI 355.4. Sobre el nuevo diseño se aplican procedimientos de ensayo análogos a los marcados por la norma para obtener las características mecánicas de la unión hormigón-resina-barra en caso de sismo: (1) tracción hasta rotura tras cargas cíclicas, con apertura de fisura de forma controlada de 0.5 mm durante todo el ensayo; (2) carga transversal hasta rotura tras cargas cíclicas, con apertura de fisura de forma controlada 0.5 mm durante todo el ensayo. Como resultado de las baterías de ensayos se obtienen los valores garantizados (percentil del 95 %) para hormigones de resistencia reducida (hipótesis conservadora prescrita por la normativa) y se compara su comportamiento con hormigones de resistencia convencional.

Thermo-mechano-chemical modeling and computation of thermosetting polymers used in post-installed fastening systems in concrete structures

As thermoset polymers find frequent implementation in engineering design, their application in structural engineering is rather limited. One key reason relies on the ongoing curing process in typical applications such as post-installed adhesive anchors, joints by structural elements or surface-mounted laminates glued by adhesive polymers. Mechanochemistry including curing and aging under thermal as well as mechanical loading causes a multiphysics problem to be discussed. For restricting the variety of material models based on empirical observations, we aim at a thermodynamically sound strategy for modeling thermosets. By providing a careful analysis and clearly identifying the assumptions and simplifications, we present the general framework for modeling and computational implementation of thermo-mechano-chemical processes by using open-source codes.