FEATURES OF MORPHOLOGICAL REARRANGEMENTS OF STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS IN THE RAT PINEAL GLAND UNDER THE IMPACT OF HEAVY METAL SALTS

The development of the pathology of individual organs and systems undoubtedly depends on adverse environmental factors. Particular attention of researchers attracts heavy metal salts. Epiphyseal hormones play a key role in regulating and maintaining basic body functions. The article presents the results of the study on morphological and morphometric rearrangements of structural changes in the rat pineal gland influence for 30 days of heavy metal salts (sulfates of zinc, copper, iron, manganese, plumbers’ nitrite and chrome oxide). The selected concentration of salts in the mixture was due to the presence of similar concentrations of these salts in the soil and drinking water in some regions of Ukraine according to literature sources. General morphological and statistical research methods were used (histological, morphometric and variational statistics methods). The 30-days impact of the heavy metal salts combination on the rat body caused in the pineal gland morphological changes of nonspecific polymorphic nature, which were expressed in the increased vascular area, active glial response, hypertrophy of pinealocyte nuclei and increase of their optical density. Cytological signs in most pinealocytes indicated the predominance of indolamine synthesis over polypeptides. The main pathogenetic mechanisms of the influence of heavy metal salts on the organ have been established: change in the vascular lumen area, blood rheological properties impairment, tissue hypoxia, nucleus hypertrophy and change in their optical density. Morphological changes in the gland comply with the stress phase of the general adaptation syndrome. The above morphological changes negatively affected the processes of hormones evacuation into the blood, the course of the general adaptation syndrome and the homeostasis restoration in the organ.

Gambaran Fase Exhausted pada Mahasiswa yang Melakukan Kuliah Daring: Telaah General Adaptation Syndrome dan Psikologi Ghazalian

<p class="06IsiAbstrak"><span lang="EN-US">The changes in lecturing methods during the Covid-19 pandemic created special pressure for students. The pressures and changes that occur in an individual have an impact on the emergence of stressful conditions. In the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) approach, the stressors lead a stress response beginning from the alarm, resistance and Exhaustion phases. In particular, this study discusses the conditions in the last phase, namely the Exhaustion phase. This online lecturing lasts a long time, so it requires high performance from students, and how the conditions in this Exhaustion phase describe the condition of their performance so far. This study used an open questionnaire which revealed Exhaustion responses based on the GAS approach. The study involved 50 students consisting of students from semester 3 to semester 7. The results of this study showed that the Exhaustion conditions of students who conducted online lectures appeared physical responses in the form of physical fatigue such as dizziness, physical fatigue and eye problems. Meanwhile, the psychological response appears a feeling of relief and feelings of sadness and disappointment.</span></p>

Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 effect on human body: unobvious pathogenetic links

The authors formulated a hypothesis about an important link in the pathogenesis of COVID-19, in which the increasing hypoxia and an acute response of the body like a general adaptation syndrome, accompanied by systemic pathological changes, including dangerous disorders of rheology and blood coagulation, play a key role.

Modern concepts of the general theory of physiotherapy

The article highlights the causes and eff ects of the interaction of external physical factors with the human body. The author refl ected the concepts of a “specifi c” reaction, a compensatory reaction, and an “selective” sensitivity of an organism to exposure to physiotherapeutic factors, a general adaptation syndrome, an activation reaction, a training reaction, resonance, and synchronization. In the article, the author talks about the main factors in constructing the general theory of physiotherapy.

Evolution of the Stress Concept

Modern conceptions of health and disease can be traced back to early Chinese, Indian, Egyptian, and Greek civilizations. Galen of Pergamon, a Greek physician who practiced medicine for most of his career in Rome, had an enduring impact on the medical sciences for almost 15 centuries with his writings on the balance among the four humors: black bile, yellow bile, blood, and phlegm. At the end of the 19th century, Claude Bernard in Paris wrote about the importance of the constancy of the internal environment. In the early 20th century, Walter Cannon introduced the concept of homeostasis and studied the emergency function of the adrenal medulla. Hans Selye is credited with popularizing the concept of stress, and he introduced the concept of the general adaptation syndrome. More recent additions to the nomenclature on stress include allostasis, or stability through change, and allostatic load, which relates to a failure to adapt to chronic stressors.