FROM STATION OF LIFE TO STATION OF DEATH IN THE CHARACTERS OF DANCER AND THE GENTLEMAN OF ONEILLS PLAY THIRST ALONG WITH DIVERSE SYMBOLISM

The Thirst centres on the struggle of three shipwreck victims to survive on a small white raft adrift on a glassy sea. Descending into madness as a result of their thirst, they prey on each other until they sacrifice their humanity to the uncaring, black-stained sea. Despite their common predicament, the three are separated by social, as well as psychological, forces. The Dancer is called young from the stage direction of the play. ONeill described her as figure of pitiful care. The Gentleman has been portrayed by O Neill in The Thirst, as a symbolic agent of the practical civilized world-Virginia Floyd. All through the action of the play he exhibits mostly civilized and dignified behaviour and upholds his morality to the bitter end.- Alfred Routz. While himself suffering, he mostly sympathizes with the unbearable suffering of the delicate young lady that the Dancer is. For, this reason, O Neill presented the European man as the name of Gentleman. Symbolism is indicative of a lot deeper sense in simple and commonplace matter. Conventional well-known materials are used to suggest some deeper sense or truth of life and society through a symbolic treatment. A careful reading of ONeills plays will show that in each play he seeks to communicate his feelings about life. It is invariably true that the natural objects he uses in his plays like the sun, the sky, the sea (p,51)etc. are symbols and images of something. The same thing is true of his stage props and even of the make-ups, costumes, the looks, the important gesture(p,51) and even the vocal nuances of his characters.

Landscapes of Trauma and Transformation: Poems of Anne Michaels, Karen Shenfeld, and Miriam Waddington

Long before ecocriticism became a focus for textual analysis, poets articulated interconnection with the natural world. Not only green but vibrant colour across the spectrum has semiotically served poets as they sought to venture ever deeper into understanding the expanse of human experience and the anguish that all too often accompanies it. The idea of post-traumatic transformation is rooted in the Hebrew Bible and in the contextual stories with which it is intertextually connected. Casting out the idea that hardship is intentionally imposed for the express purpose of causing growth, the fact remains that suffering—sometimes unbearable suffering—is integral to human life and we must grapple with it. The colourful imagery and synesthesia of landscape can be leveraged descriptively and metaphorically to express pain, confusion, and questioning. Traversing the terrain of confounding events, poetic poesis of the works analyzed in this article demonstrates a wrestling to find, however provisionally, transformative trails through the wreckage.Bien avant que l’écocritique ne devienne un focus pour l’analyse textuelle, les poètes ont articulé l’interconnexion avec le monde naturel. Plus que la couleur verte, tous les tons à travers le spectre ont servi sémiotiquement les poètes alors qu’ils cherchaient à s’aventurer toujours plus profondément dans la compréhension de l’étendue de l’expérience humaine et de l’angoisse qui l’accompagne trop souvent. L’idée de transformation post-traumatique est enracinée dans la Torah et dans les histoires contextuelles avec lesquelles elle est intertextuellement connectée. En rejetant l’idée que la souffrance est intentionnellement imposée dans le but de provoquer la croissance, il n’en reste pas moins que la souffrance—parfois insupportable—fait partieintégrante de la vie humaine et nous devons la combattre. L’imagerie colorée et la synesthésie du paysage peuvent être exploitées de manière descriptive et métaphorique pour exprimer la douleur, la confusion, et le questionnement. Traversant le terrain d’événements déroutants, la poésie poétique des oeuvres analysées dans cet article démontre la lutte pour trouver, même provisoirement, des pistes transformatrices à travers les épaves.

Eutanazja – zbrodnia czy cywilne prawo człowieka do wyboru śmierci?

Euthanasia – a crime or a human right to choose death? The contemporary phenomenon of euthanasia is very extensive and very complex. It is a manifestation of the „culture of death”, as evidenced by common practices in many countries and attempts to legalize it. In Poland, although euthanasia is forbidden and punished, a significant part of the society approves of its introduction. At the same time, the common awareness that it is a crime and a crime is fading away (EV 66). The most important motive of euthanasia, meaningless suffering, can only be understood, accepted and defeated in the light of faith. Moreover, the request to shorten the life is not always motivated by unbearable suffering. It often comes from feelings of loneliness, lack of interest and compassion, and proper care. So, asking for euthanasia is a desperate cry for help and love. Rather than cut corners, it would be better to increase the involvement of family, friends and physicians in palliative care, which could remove the causes of such a radical decision as asking to die. Public acceptance of euthanasia can seriously reduce the costs of palliative care, both financially and scientifically. The recipe for this phenomenon is rather the educational effort of society, which should accept the phenomenon of disease, aging and death, so that in families and society there should be a dignified place reserved for sick, disabled, old and dying people. Współczesne zjawisko eutanazji jest bardzo rozległe i złożone. Jest przejawem „kultury śmierci”, o czym świadczą powszechne praktyki w wielu krajach i próby jej legalizacji. W Polsce, choć eutanazja jest zakazana i karana, znaczna część społeczeństwa aprobuje jej wprowadzenie. Jednocześnie zanika powszechna świadomość, że jest to przestępstwo i zbrodnia (por. EV 66). Najważniejszy motyw eutanazji – bezsensowne cierpienie – można zrozumieć, zaakceptować i pokonać tylko w świetle wiary. Co więcej, prośba o skrócenie życia nie zawsze jest motywowana cierpieniem nie do zniesienia. Często wynika to z poczucia samotności, braku zainteresowania i współczucia oraz właściwej opieki. Proszenie o eutanazję jest więc rozpaczliwym wołaniem o pomoc i miłość. Zamiast iść na skróty, lepiej byłoby zwiększyć zaangażowanie rodziny, przyjaciół i lekarzy w opiekę paliatywną, co mogłoby usunąć przyczyny tak radykalnej decyzji, jak żądanie śmierci. Społeczna akceptacja eutanazji może poważnie obniżyć koszty opieki paliatywnej, zarówno finansowo, jak i naukowo. Receptą na to zjawisko jest raczej edukacyjny wysiłek społeczeństwa, które powinno zaakceptować zjawisko choroby, starzenia się i śmierci, aby w rodzinach i społeczeństwie było godne miejsce zarezerwowane dla osób chorych, niepełnosprawnych, starych i umierających.

Sufrimiento insoportable, salud mental y eutanasia. Apuntes para las enfermeras

Tradicionalmente, los profesionales sanitarios han puesto mucho esfuerzo en comprender y tratar el dolor de los pacientes; no obstante, ellos no pusieron el mismo énfasis para entender el sufrimiento. Algunos autores han indagado en el significado y alcance del sufrimiento. Y en los últimos años se ha comenzado a investigar cuándo el sufrimiento se convierte en insoportable para una persona, y por tanto pide ayuda para morir dignamente. Objetivos. En este artículo queremos exponer las ideas principales de Eric Cassell sobre el sufrimiento. Posteriormente, deseamos mostrar qué abarca el sufrimiento insoportable cuándo lo aluden los pacientes psiquiátricos que piden eutanasia. Por último, mostramos qué nos dice la bibliografía sobre la percepción del equipo de Enfermería en torno a la petición de eutanasia de estos pacientes y analizamos qué papel podrían jugar en la comprensión de dicho sufrimiento Metodología. Reflexión teórica sobre la temática, utilizando la bibliografía relevante y actualizada extraída del buscador Pubmed empleando sustancialmente las palabras clave unbearable suffering, mental health, euthanasia, nursing. Resultados. Aportamos una aproximación al concepto de sufrimiento y qué abarca cuando un paciente con problemas de salud mental pide eutanasia. Además, mostramos el rol que podría tener la Enfermería en estas decisiones. Conclusiones. Es posible una distinción entre dolor y sufrimiento. Una comprensión del sufrimiento contribuiría a humanizar los reclamos de ayuda al morir. El análisis bio-psico-social solo puede hacerse a través de un enfoque de respeto y comprensión hacia el paciente. Y una petición de eutanasia por parte de una persona con problemáticas de salud mental tiene que ser analizada de la misma forma que cualquier otra petición. El equipo de Enfermería, en especial por su cercanía con los pacientes, jugará un papel esencial en esta temática.

Euthanasia: Moral and Legal Aspects

The practice of artificially taking the life of a person suffering from an incurable disease and experiencing unbearable suffering as a result of this disease is traditionally called euthanasia. At the same time, such actions were evaluated and are currently evaluated ambiguously both from the standpoint of moral and legal. Accordingly, the issues of euthanasia (as well as causing death with the consent of a person in general) should be solved from the standpoint of their comprehensive research (not only from the standpoint of directly legal, but also from the point of view of philosophy, morality, religion, psychology, medicine). The article presents the data of our own research on the criminal-legal meaning of a person's consent to the death of another person. At the same time, it is stated that the public opinion of citizens is inclined to the non-criminality of taking the life of another person with his consent. In turn, experts-supporters of the legalization of euthanasia - along with arguments of a moral and moral nature point directly to the legal aspects. At the same time, the article states that the absolute prohibition of euthanasia (including any kind of deprivation of life with the consent of a person) is justified. Accordingly, it is concluded that the implementation of euthanasia should not exclude the criminality of the act, which, of course, is regarded as murder. At the same time, it is noted that for cases of deprivation of life in the implementation of euthanasia, legal rules should be provided for mitigating the reaction to the actions of the harm-causing agent.