ANÁLISIS LOCACIONAL DEL YACIMIENTO PALEOLÍTICO DE COVA EIRÓS (TRIACASTELA, LUGO)

In this paper, we deal with the locational analysis of the Cova Eirós site (Triacastela, Lugo), occupied from the Middle Palaeolithic to the present. From GIS and statistics, we intend to approach those environmental factors that define its importance as a place of occupation over time and on a recurring basis. Once we have analysed the variables that characterize the site’s patterns of use, we have verified that Cova Eirós is an important, prominent and strategic point. The place is very close to the potential transit routes and has great visibility. It is also protected and set on a steep slope. Moreover, the site has hunting resources and raw materials sources nearby. So it is a settlement that presents ideal living conditions for hunter-gatherer groups.

Protohistoric Landscapes in Sardinia (Italy): Territorial Control and Exploitation of Natural Resources in the Middle and Late Bronze Ages

During the Bronze Age, in many Western Mediterranean areas (Spain, France, Italian peninsula, islands), we can observe the development of a series of fortified centers and structures, often on high places, aimed to the defense of strategic locations and resources. These fortifications, which began to be built from the Copper Age, are the answer to a need for possession and control of the territory linked to a greater degree of social complexity, with an ever-increasing hierarchy and the rise to power of persons or groups who very often show the possession of weapons and, consequently, can be related to warlike activities. In Sardinia, Nuragic phenomenon developed during Protohistoy: an extraordinary culture ranging from the Middle to Late Bronze Age (XVIII-XII centuries BC), some of whose features could last from Final Bronze Age until the beginnings of Iron Age (XI-VIII centuries BC), characterized by the building of great monuments, especially nuraghi, cyclopean-type constructions similar to towers. These great buildings have multiple functions, but in particular were used to surveil the whole island territory. We have mainly carried out different GIS analyzes on different sample areas with the aim to reading the visual-perceptive aspects and to try to research about the relationship between settlements and territory and the mobility systems across different territories through the applying of the least-cost path analysis. Reconstruction of certain characteristics of Sardinian Protohistoric Landscape in these areas is achieved. GIS-based analysis show how these territorial control systems, consisting of several nuraghi and settlements, were intended to control the most important natural and economic resources and transit routes.

Reading Rooms for Travelling Cultures: English-Language Reading Rooms in Late Nineteenth-Century France

This essay focuses on British and American reading rooms at the end of the nineteenth century in French travel centres such as Boulogne-sur-Mer, Cannes, and Paris. These reading rooms were sites of transit that reveal the travelling cultures of Britons and Americans. They set in motion certain travel sociabilities and practices, suggested various transit routes and itineraries, promoted different cultural and national affiliations and identities, and collected, represented, and displayed anglophone cultures. They operated as microcosms of British and American cultures, offering essentialized experiences and connections with people, behaviour, and things affiliated with home, but this essay shows how they were also social environments that not only reinforced, but also reshaped and interrogated anglophone cultures on the move in British, American, and French cultural territories.

Approaches to Determining the Regular Transit Route Duplication Level

Issues of duplication of regular transit routes are of particular importance in the field of transport services provided to population and organisation of passenger transportation from the perspective of ensuring compliance with passengers needs for transportation and of the effects of route duplication on the technical, operational, and economic indicators of performance of these routes and the integral route network.In Russia duplication of regular routes within route networks emerged in the late 1990s – early 2000s in urban transit, other transit modes, and in interconnected transit. In the last decade, these routes have been increasingly subject to revision by local governments and executive bodies of federal constituent entities of the Russian Federation while solving transport planning problems and improving quality of transport services for the population.Evaluation of route duplication, as a rule, is carried out based on the route factor and the route duplication factor, the latter allows pairwise assessment of routes by the length of their overlapping segments.The objective of this article is to show incorrectness of the widespread technique and to present another approach that provides, in the author’s opinion, the correct interpretation of the method for determining the route duplication rate. Achieving this objective is based on methods of theoretical research in the field of organising passenger transportation.In development of this logic, the author proposed a new method for determining the route duplication factor using route adjacency factor, which considers directions and volumes of passenger origin-destination flows. Comparison of existing and proposed approaches is given using simple examples. The results of calculations have confirmed the different nature of factors and the absence of a direct relationship between the needs of passengers for transportation by public transport and the length of adjacent sections of routes. The conclusion is made about probable expediency of using the second (author’s) approach based on the route adjacency factor, which provides a correct solution to the stated transport planning problem. Besides, the possibility of using a new approach when performing diagnostics or designing route networks of different transport modes is shown both in relation to route matching and regarding their clusters and the entire route network.

Using Ontario's Development Permit Systems To Implement Metrolinx’s Mobility Hubs In The Greater Golden Horseshoe

Through Metrolinx, the province of Ontario seeks to change the sprawling, car dependent character of The Greater Toronto and Hamilton Areas by introducing a vast network of rapid transit routes along a series of corridors, linked by a series of nodes, called mobility hubs. Following Smart Growth principles, these hubs should be buttressed by transit supportive land-use regulations, but the current land-use planning framework in the region makes such changes difficult. By implementing a little used tool in Ontario's

Using Ontario's Development Permit Systems To Implement Metrolinx’s Mobility Hubs In The Greater Golden Horseshoe

Through Metrolinx, the province of Ontario seeks to change the sprawling, car dependent character of The Greater Toronto and Hamilton Areas by introducing a vast network of rapid transit routes along a series of corridors, linked by a series of nodes, called mobility hubs. Following Smart Growth principles, these hubs should be buttressed by transit supportive land-use regulations, but the current land-use planning framework in the region makes such changes difficult. By implementing a little used tool in Ontario's

Strategic Route Planning to Manage Transit’s Susceptibility to Disease Transmission

Transit agencies have experienced dramatic changes in service and ridership because of the COVID-19 pandemic. As communities transition to a new normal, strategic measures are needed to support continuing disease suppression efforts. This research provides actionable results to transit agencies in the form of improved transit routes. A multi-objective heuristic optimization framework employing the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II algorithm generates multiple route solutions that allow transit agencies to balance the utility of service to riders against the susceptibility of routes to enabling the spread of disease in a community. This research uses origin–destination data from a sample population to assess the utility of routes to potential riders, allows vehicle capacity constraints to be varied to support social distancing efforts, and evaluates the resulting transit encounter network produced from the simulated use of transit as a proxy for the susceptibility of a transit system to facilitating the transmission of disease among its riders. A case study of transit at Oregon State University is presented with multiple transit network solutions evaluated and the resulting encounter networks investigated. The improved transit network solution with the closest number of riders (1.2% more than baseline) provides a 10.7% reduction of encounter network edges.

DEVELOPMENT OF CHINA-KAZAKHSTAN AND CHINA-UZBEKISTAN TRADE AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS (2013-2020): A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

This paper explores the development of trade and economic relations between China and Kazakhstan, and China and Uzbekistan since the introduction of the "One Belt – One Road" initiative in 2013 until the economic slowdown in 2020. The author also compares the different ways in which China–Kazakhstan and China–Uzbekistan trade and economic relations were developed. The research reveals a significant role of the "One Belt – One Road" initiative in the rapid growth of bilateral cooperation between China and Kazakhstan, and China and Uzbekistan in the spheres of trade, infrastructure development, finance and energy. Kazakhstan and China put the emphasis on infrastructure development and trade, including the manufactured products. Uzbekistan and China focused on trade in energy resources. China's investment in both Central Asian countries grew equally, however Kazakhstan received more Chinese loans than Uzbekistan. China provided loans to both countries only on condition of their cooperation with Chinese companies operating in Central Asia. New transit routes were built within the framework of the "One Belt – One Road" initiative. China, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan implemented joint highways projects such as the Kabul and Trans-Caspian corridors. While China and Kazakhstan developed continental infrastructure projects such as "Western China-Western Europe", China and Uzbekistan focused more on local programs such as the construction of the Kamchik tunnel. Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan pursued different energy policies toward China. Kazakhstan was developing equal cooperation with China and Russia in energy sphere. Uzbekistan tried to pursue a policy of energy independence, and when it failed, it began to work more closely with China. Other significant differences between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan included their positions regarding the financial structures of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. During discussion of the SCO Development Bank project, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan supported Chinese and Russian projects respectively.

Scandi-Noir in Portuguese: in pursuit of textual transits

Following the global success of Stieg Larsson’s Millennium Trilogy(2005), Scandinavian crime fiction has attracted considerable attention from researchers in literary studies and other domains. However, a gap still remains with regard to the translations of this sub-genre in Portugal and Brazil. To address this gap, this article attempts to demonstrate how crime fiction produced in Sweden, Denmark and Norway has been disseminated in Portugal and Brazil by means of a bibliographic survey that traces the various transit routes that exist between these (semi-) peripheral languages. The results indicate that indirect translation continues to play an important role in this process, contrary to some predictions.