The Social Circumstances that Criminalized Abortion in the 19th Century

To say abortion is a controversial subject is an understatement. While there was no federal law against abortion in the 19thcentury, the majority of the states in the U.S. introduced anti-abortion laws after the Comstock Laws outlawed the drugs and practices that made abortion possible in 1873.[1] Legal or not, women have been subject to unrelenting criticism regarding the termination of unwanted pregnancies for centuries. To form realistic conclusions about abortion in the 19thcentury, it is essential to take into consideration far more than the dispute of morality. Regulation of abortive practices was, as this paper will indicate, less about medical safety and gestational awareness than sexual inequality and racial disparities; the aim of this research is to determine the social circumstances that influenced the conceptualization of abortion and inspired legal action against it. [1] https://www.loc.gov/law/help/statutes-at-large/42nd-congress/session-3/c42s3ch258.pdf

Medical Safety Legal Protection Based on Hospital Law in The Covid 19 Era

In Indonesia, the Covid-19 pandemic is entering a critical period. Health workers are a profession that is on the cutting edge of the fight against Covid-19. In these circumstances, health workers may have to put their lives on the line to safeguard the public from the development of the Covid-19 pandemic. The discussion's findings suggest that the legal protection of health workers' workplace safety as a result of the Covid-19 outbreak has not been properly applied, as required by law. During the Covid-19 pandemic, the rights of health professionals were still being ignored and not being met. As a result, the worldwide government's role and obligations are required to ensure that health professionals' rights as frontline responders to the spread of Covid-19 in Indonesia are respected. However, in fact, misunderstandings that lead to mediation are still common in the sphere of injustice, as are cases-certain bad cases 2 that could result in a repeat of events since there is no protective force or penalty that would prevent a person from behaving as a victim. In this study, the legal method adopted was normative legal research. The findings reveal that medical personnel's legal protection and right to safety have been regulated by legislation. These provisions, on the other hand, do not address the possible consequences of the Covid-19 virus spreading.

Medical Safety Assessment at Ski Resorts of the Russian Federation

Within recent years, the number of ski tourists in the world has been growing. Taking into account the barriers to abroad tourism in 2020–2021, in the coming years, a significant increase in the flow of ski tourists to ski resorts of Russia should be expected. At the same time, it should be emphasized that the level of injuries at Russian ski resorts remains quite high, one of the reasons for which is an insufficiently developed regulatory and legal framework for medical safety of ski resorts. The aim of the study is to classify ski resorts in Russia by level of their medical safety based on the developed criteria. Materials and research methods. A survey of 271 employees and visitors of ski resorts was carried out. According to its results and taking into account their own experience, the authors identified 20 criteria that affect medical safety of ski resorts. The specified criteria were divided into 5 groups: «Facility design», «Administration of ski resort», «Maintenance of routes», «Rescue service», «Medical assistance and medical evacuation». Research results and their analysis. A point scale for assessing medical safety of ski resorts is proposed with the cumulative final results defined as: «insufficient level», «minimum sufficient level», «moderate level», «maximum level». According to these criteria, an assessment was made of 21 ski resorts in Russia and in the neighboring countries, as a result of which only 4 ski resorts (19%) corresponded to the maximum level of medical safety; to the moderate — 16 ski resorts (76.2%). These results generally coincided with the opinion of the expert community, which supports the effectiveness of the developed classification. Conclusions are made about the need to introduce this classification into the system of assessment and of certification of ski resorts and about the necessity to widely communicate the results of the assessment to visitors of ski resorts.

Performance evaluation of medical service for breast cancer patients based on diagnosis related groups

Background To evaluate the performance of medical service for patients with breast cancer in Henan Province, China, using diagnosis related groups (DRGs) indicators and to provide data to inform practices and policies for the prevention and control of breast cancer. Methods The data were collected from the front pages of medical records (FPMR) of all hospitals above class II that admitted breast cancer patients in Henan Province between 2016 and 2019. Breast cancer patients were the subjects in our study. China DRGs (CN-DRGs) was used as a risk adjustment tool. Three indicators, including the case mix index (CMI), number of DRGs, and total weight, were used to evaluate the range of available services for patients with breast cancer, while indicators including the charge efficiency index (CEI), time efficiency index (TEI) and inpatient mortality of low-risk group cases (IMLRG) were used to evaluate medical service efficiency and medical safety. Results Between 2016 and 2019, there were 103,760 patients with breast cancer. The total weight increased over the study period at an average annual rate of 21.71%. The TEI decreased over the study period by 15.60%. The CEI exhibited an increasing trend, but the average annual rate of increase was small (2.94%). The IMLRP was 0.02, 0, 0 and 0.01% in 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. Conclusion The performance of medical service improved between 2016 and 2019 for breast cancer patients discharged from study hospitals in Henan Province. The main area of improvement was in the range of available services, but medical institutions must still make efforts to improve the efficiency of medical services and ensure medical safety. DRGs is an effective evaluation tool.

Designing for the pandemic: individual and collective safety devices

The rapid spread of COVID-19 has generated a demand for health-related safety equipment. The development of these emergency products raises several questions, in particular the possible lack of concern for health, satisfaction, and safety of users in addition to the immediate safety against the COVID-19. Considering these issues, the objectives of this work are to categorize, identify trends, and propose strategic approaches to the development and alteration of individual and collective safety solutions for facing the pandemic. For that, we conducted a review and categorization of industrial design products developed during the pandemic using the database Behance. We found 171 developed products. Of these, we classified 99 as individual safety solutions, with the majority being masks and face shields, 59 as being collective safety solutions like disinfection booths, physical transparent separators, and sanitary dispensers. And 13 were solutions geared to hospital use such as hospital furniture, testing solutions, and medical safety procedures. From the analysis of these products, we noted four major themes: protection from the infection, isolation, and physical barriers for enabling safe interaction, disinfection, and testing that can be used as a strategic guideline for the development of new solutions for this context.

A study for the evaluation of a safety education program me for nursing students: discussions using the QSEN safety competencies

Background To respond to calls for improvements in nursing education in Japan, a group of faculties of a baccalaureate nursing programme has made an initial attempt to incorporate quality and safety education for nurses safety competency into three related courses, two sophomore level courses and one senior level course. Aims To evaluate the learning experiences in a senior level course on medical safety in order to identify learning outcomes in terms of areas of strengths and areas for further improvements of the course and a system-wide implementation of quality and safety education for nurses competencies in the future. Methods Fourteen students who met the criteria had volunteered to participate in one of the two 40-minute focus group interviews. During the interviews, participants were asked questions as to what they have learned and how they may use that knowledge in the future. The sessions were tape recorded, the data were transcribed and analysed using the content analysis method according to Berelson. Results Eight categories of learning related to medical safety were identified, including awareness of own risks for errors and plans to reduce such risks. These categories of learning were thought to have achieved the level equal to 75% of quality and safety education for nurses knowledge, skills and attitudes items. Conclusions The current content and methods for this course identified strengths to be continued, with some areas of improvement for the future for further adoption of quality and safety education for nurses competencies into the entire curriculum.