Polyhydroxybutyrate-Based Nanocomposites for Bone Tissue Engineering

Bone-related diseases have been increasing worldwide, and several nanocomposites have been used to treat them. Among several nanocomposites, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)-based nanocomposites are widely used in drug delivery and tissue engineering due to their excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability. However, PHB use in bone tissue engineering is limited due to its inadequate physicochemical and mechanical properties. In the present work, we synthesized PHB-based nanocomposites using a nanoblend and nano-clay with modified montmorillonite (MMT) as a filler. MMT was modified using trimethyl stearyl ammonium (TMSA). Nanoblend and nano-clay were fabricated using the solvent-casting technique. Inspection of the composite structure revealed that the basal spacing of the polymeric matrix material was significantly altered depending on the loading percentage of organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT) nano-clay. The PHB/OMMT nanocomposite displayed enhanced thermal stability and upper working temperature upon heating as compared to the pristine polymer. The dispersed (OMMT) nano-clay assisted in the formation of pores on the surface of the polymer. The pore size was proportional to the weight percentage of OMMT. Further morphological analysis of these blends was carried out through FESEM. The obtained nanocomposites exhibited augmented properties over neat PHB and could have an abundance of applications in the industry and medicinal sectors. In particular, improved porosity, non-immunogenic nature, and strong biocompatibility suggest their effective application in bone tissue engineering. Thus, PHB/OMMT nanocomposites are a promising candidate for 3D organ printing, lab-on-a-chip scaffold engineering, and bone tissue engineering.

Organ Bioprinting: The Next Generation Revolution in Medical Science

The idea about lab grown organs is possibly the end of drug testing on the experimental animals or the human participants. Solution of organ shortage and the desperate ending state of organ donations worldwide can be solved. 3D Bioprinting is a revolutionary mind blowing medical technology emerged in the last few years. It involves the creation of living tissues, like bones, blood vessels, heart or skin with the help of additive manufacturing which is also known as 3D Bioprinting. Unlike other printing technology for the objects, Bioprinting not only needs living cells, they also need environment for nurturing to stay them alive, like food, water and oxygen. Nowadays, these kinds of conditions are provided by microgel, such as gelatin enriched with proteins, vitamins and many other compounds for life sustaining. Furthermore, for creating the fostering conditions and fastest efficient cell growth, scientist plant cells around 3D scaffolds which made of biodegradable polymers or collagen so that organ can able to grow in fully functional living tissue. Bioprinting is time-consuming and difficult also, but by doing proper research all problems can be solved for making organs available in transplantation process. Mass production of the organs for medical purpose likely to solve in the coming next decade. Also it is too much difficult to print the complex organs. Also if the technology available more easily, tissue engineering will become more feasible than entire organ printing. Bionic ear, synthetic skin, bladder or cornea might be the first tissues to be bio printed or completely grown in the lab on demand. These tissues having small numbers of cell types, it can be the first one for fully grown bio printed organs. After this success, bio printing of more complex organs can be done in future.

Synthetic Polymers for Organ 3D Printing

Three-dimensional (3D) printing, known as the most promising approach for bioartificial organ manufacturing, has provided unprecedented versatility in delivering multi-functional cells along with other biomaterials with precise control of their locations in space. The constantly emerging 3D printing technologies are the integration results of biomaterials with other related techniques in biology, chemistry, physics, mechanics and medicine. Synthetic polymers have played a key role in supporting cellular and biomolecular (or bioactive agent) activities before, during and after the 3D printing processes. In particular, biodegradable synthetic polymers are preferable candidates for bioartificial organ manufacturing with excellent mechanical properties, tunable chemical structures, non-toxic degradation products and controllable degradation rates. In this review, we aim to cover the recent progress of synthetic polymers in organ 3D printing fields. It is structured as introducing the main approaches of 3D printing technologies, the important properties of 3D printable synthetic polymers, the successful models of bioartificial organ printing and the perspectives of synthetic polymers in vascularized and innervated organ 3D printing areas.

Organ Printing

Organ Printing is a branch of regenerative medicine. We aimed to demonstrate this presentation to minimize the death rate of patients who dies only due to the inefficient human organs at the right time. This topic revolves around "The Branch of regenerative Medicine. The contents of the research work are all about the definition of organ printing or bioprinting, its technical types, its process, its benefits and challenges, its estimated marketing rate, and how it can be implemented successfully. The most significant developments in 3Dprinting have come in external prosthetics, cranial or orthopedic implants, and custom airway stents. But it has also proven helpful in surgical planning and has been used in complex open planning and has been used in complex open-heart surgeries, and even Cleveland clinic's total face transplant. Talks of printing human tissues have suggested than organ transplants may one day be obsolete. Mind-blowing innovations are coming to medicine and healthcare almost every single day; hope the research paper is one among them with its own unique characteristics.

A quoi servent les Bio-Imprimantes 3D ?

Les imprimantes 3D existent depuis plusieurs décennies et le principe général de la fabrication additive est de déposer des couches successives de matériau afin dobtenir un volume, à partir d’un modèle défini à l’avance grâce à une interface informatique. Depuis quelques années, ces imprimantes sont utilisées dans le domaine médical : ainsi, les chirurgiens peuvent obtenir une réplique en résine d’une situation clinique afin de planifier leur geste chirurgical pour réaliser des interventions moins invasives. Par ailleurs, on peut aujourdhui imprimer certains biomatériaux synthétiques sur mesure afin dobtenir des greffons personnalisés basés sur limagerie tridimensionnelle d’un patient. Ces applications utilisent sur des imprimantes fonctionnant principalement sur le principe de la stéréolithographie (photopolymérisation sélective de résines photosensibles) ou bien du dépôt à chaud de fil fondu : ces technologies ne permettent pas dutiliser des composés biologiques tels que des cellules ou des biomolécules. Plus récemment, des imprimantes 3D dédiées à l’impression déléments biologiques (Bio-Impression) ont été développées. On distingue la Bioimpression assistée par laser, la bioimpression par jet dencre et lextrusion dhydrogels. Ces trois méthodes présentent des points communs (utilisation d’une encre biologique, modélisation du motif à imprimer et pilotage de limprimante par une interface informatique, impression couche par couche). Cependant, en fonction de la technologie utilisée, la résolution et le volume des motifs imprimés peuvent varier de façon importante. Les machines permettant d’imprimer à haute résolution ne sont habituellement pas adaptées lorsquon cherche à obtenir des volumes importants ; de la même façon, lorsqu’une technologie permet d’imprimer des volumes importants, il est souvent difficile dobtenir de hautes résolutions dimpressions. De ce fait, on doit parfois combiner plusieurs technologies pour produire certains assemblages complexes. Ainsi, il est primordial de définir finement ses objectifs avant de choisir une technologie de bioimpression. Les applications des imprimantes 3D de tissus biologiques (Bio-imprimantes) sont toutes dans le champ de lingénierie tissulaire et aujourdhui presque exclusivement dans le domaine de la recherche. Les méthodes permettant d’imprimer à haute résolution trouvent des applications principalement en biologie cellulaire lorsquon cherche par exemple àé valuer les capacités de communication de plusieurs types cellulaires : en effet, il est possible de créer des motifs réguliers en imprimant des gouttes de bioencre contenant chacune quelques cellules avec la technologie laser. Par ailleurs, d’autres technologies basées sur lextrusion permettent de manipuler des amas cellulaires (sphéroïdes) et de les organiser entre eux, ce qui peut trouver des applications dans le domaine de la cancérologie. En combinant les technologies, on peut aujourdhui mettre en place des modèles d’étude pharmacologiques qui pourraient à terme se substituer à certaines expérimentations animales et ouvrir la voie à certaines thérapies ciblées. Enfin, la fabrication dorganes par bioimpression (« Organ Printing ») reste aujourdhui du domaine de la science fiction, même si quelques équipes travaillent sur cet aspect. Les imprimantes 3D biologiques apportent donc de nouveaux outils pour le chercheur dans de nombreuses applications en biologie et en médecine régénératrice. Le choix de la méthode la plus adaptée à L’objectif de L’étude est primordial afin dutiliser au mieux ces technologies.