Relationships of urolithogenicity index with some components of urine composition in healthy old female rats

Background. Despite the long history, the results of studies of the impact of balneotherapy in the resort of Truskavets on the lithogenicity of urine are ambiguous, so the topic remains relevant. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the lithogenicity index of urine and a number of components of its composition. Materials and Methods. Experiment was performed on 60 healthy old female Wistar rats 220-300 g. Ten animals remained intact, using daily water from drinking ad libitum. Other animals for 6 days were loaded through the tube with daily and various mineral waters at a dose of 1,5 mL/100 g of body mass. The day after the completion of the drinking course collected daily urine, which determined the content of a number of components of the composition. We calculated urine lithogenicity index (Lith) by the formula: Lith = (Uric acid•Calcium/Magnesium•Creatinine)0,25. Results. The most significant effect on the Lith is the concentration of magnesium (r=-0,730), followed by uric acid (r=0,583), calcium (r=0,352) and creatinine (r=-0,298). Medium molecular polypeptides, catalase, sodium, phosphates and urea has been identified as prolithogenic factors while tubular reabsorption of water as litholytic factor. The chemical composition of the fluids consumed by animals has little effect on the lithogenicity index of urine. Conclusion. Both prolithogenic and litholytic factors are present in the urine, which depend little on the chemical composition of the fluid used.

Physical and Chemical Fundamentals of Sodium Phosphate Use in Foundry Production

The technology of synthesis of inorganic binder material based on sodium tripolyphosphate Na5P3O10 and orthophosphoric acid has been developed. The sequence of physicochemical transformations in this system, as well as the optimal mass ratio of orthophosphoric acid and sodium tripolyphosphate are established. The research uses methods of quantitative and qualitative X-ray phase analysis, differential thermal analysis, standard methods of testing samples for compressive strength. The ratios of the atomic radii of the cation (Na) and the anion (P2O7), as well as the presence of hydrogen bonds, provide a significant increase in the binding potential compared to other sodium phosphates. It was found that the strengthening of mixtures with 2…8 mass parts including sodium pyrophosphate, the filler of which is quartz-based sand, occurs as intensely as possible when heated to 150°C. A further increase in temperature above 250 °C leads to the conversion of sodium pyrophosphate to ordinary (non-polymeric) metaphosphate NaPO3, which exists without changes in chemical structure up to 1000°C. The developed binder material, given the global trends of decarbonization and resource conservation, is a competitive alternative to widely used synthetic resins and other organic materials. It does not contain harmful substances and does not emit dangerous products when heated.

EFFECTIVE BOWEL CLEANSING FOR COLONOSCOPY: PICOPREP USE

AIM: to evaluate efficacy of PICOPREP (sodium picosulfate, magnesium oxide and citric acid) for bowel cleansing before colonoscopy compared to LAVAKOL (polyethylene glycol, sodium sulfate anhydrous, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride) and FLEET PHOSPHATE (sodium phosphates mixed). MATERIALS AND METHODS: a randomized single center study included 365 patients. LAVAKOL group included 320 pts, PHOSPHATE-SODA group -165 and PIKOPREP - 150. Evaluation criteria included laboratory data, organoleptic features of the drug, subjective perception of the drug by patients and the quality of bowel cleansing. RESULTS: minimal laboratory changes occurred only in FLEET PHOSPHATE group. PICOPREP was the most comfortable by organoleptic features. There was no significant difference in the quality of bowel cleansing between groups. CONCLUSION: PICOPREP is comparable by efficacy to other agents for the bowel cleansing, however it is better by organoleptic features and is safer than on sodium phosphate.

Inhibisi korosi baja dalam air kondensat terkontaminasi CuCl2 menggunakan natrium fosfat

Steel corrosion inhibition in CuCl2-contaminated condensate water using natrium fosfatCorrosion in condenser system, boiler or condensate line caused by reaction between inside surface of pipe and tube with condensate water contamined by copper ion (Cu2+) as corrosion product of heat exchanger. Additon of sodium phospate in Trisodium Phosphate (TSP) and Disodium Phosphate (DSP) form as corrosion inhibitor for controlling this corrosion. This research is aim to find out the influence of CuCl2 contaminant to steel corrosion rate in condensate water, and the efectiveness of TSP and DSP as corrosion inhibitor in such system. In this research, the corrosion rate measurement in artificial condensate water with tafel method, The corrosion inhibitions mechanism was studied using cyclic voltametry method. The experimental result shows that corrosion rate is increases in artificial condensate water had contaminated by CuCl2. DSP-TSP combination is effective as a steel corrosion inhibitor in condensate water contaminated by CuCl2. The highest effectiveness achieved in ratio DSP:TSP 35:65. Corrosion reaction of steel in artificial condensate water contaminated by CuCl2 with inhibitor addition is an irreversible reaction and occurs in one-step reaction.Keywords: Condensate Water, CuCl2, Sodium Phosphates, Steels Corrosion AbstrakKorosi pada sistem kondensor dan boiler atau jalur kondensat diakibatkan oleh reaksi antara permukaan dalam pipa dan tube dengan air boiler atau air kondensat yang terkontaminasi ion tembaga (Cu2+), yang berasal dari produk korosi alat-alat penukar panas. Untuk mengendalikan korosi tersebut ditambahkan natrium fosfat dalam bentuk Trisodium Phosphate (TSP) dan Disodium Phosphate (DSP) sebagai inhibitor korosi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kontaminan CuCl2 terhadap korosi baja dalam air kondensat, dan efektivitas inhibisi korosi DSP dan TSP Pada penelitian ini, pengukuran laju korosi baja dalam air kondensat buatan yang ditambah dengan CuCl2 dan variasi konsentrasi inhibitor dilakukan dengan metode Tafel. Mekanisme inhibisi diprediksi berdasarkan metoda voltametri siklik. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa laju korosi baja dalam air kondensat tiruan meningkat dengan kehadiran kontaminan CuCl2. Kombinasi DSP­ TSP efektif sebagai inhibitor korosi baja dalam air kondensat terkontaminasi CuCl2, dengan keefektifan inhibisi korosi tertinggi didapat pada nisbah DSP:TSP 35:65. Reaksi korosi baja dalam air kondensat tiruan terkontaminasi CuCl2 dengan penambahan inhibitor adalah oksidasi besi (Fe) menjadi besi(II) yang irreversibel dan berlangsung dalam satu tahap.Kata kunci: Air Kondensat, CuCl2, Korosi Baja, Natrium Fosfat

Electrocatalytic Activity of Some Cobalt Based Sodium Phosphates in Alkaline Solution

ABSTRACTThe development of efficient water oxidation catalyst is a major path to realize water splitting systems, which could benefit high performance and cost-effective metal-air batteries, fuel cells and solar energy conversion. To date, the rare crustal abundant platinum group metals rule this sector with Pt-alloys being the best for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and ruthenium oxides for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in acidic solution. However, they show poor stability and are too expensive for large scale applications. Moreover, oxygen reduction in basic solutions can otherwise be catalysed by metal oxide with non-precious earth abundant transition metals (e.g. Fe, Co, Ni). Hence, there is a massive demand to explore noble metal free bifunctional electrocatalysts. In this work, we present the electrocatalytic activity of three cobalt based sodium phosphates namely NaCoPO4 (with one phosphate), Na2CoP2O7 (with two phosphate) NaFe2Co(PO4)3 (with three phosphate). Synthesized by solution combustion route, all these phosphates confirmed phase purity. NaCoPO4 and Na2CoP2O7 adopted orthorhombic structure with Pnma and Pna21 space group respectively; whereas NaFe2Co(PO4)3 crystallized in monoclinic (C2/c) framework. Electrocatalytic activity of these cobalt phosphates were inspected by linear sweep voltammetry with rotating disk electrode (RDE). All three showed promising bifunctional activity. In fact, the ORR activities of both orthorhombic cobalt phosphates are comparable to Vulcan carbon and Pt/C. OER activity of Na2CoP2O7 overrode other phosphates. The bifunctional activity and good stability of these sodium cobalt phosphates stem from cobalt ions and stabilization of the catalytic centres by the phosphate frameworks. The present work builds a detail structure-property correlation in these phosphate systems and also demonstrates the possibility of utilizing these sodium cobalt phosphates as alternate cost-effective, novel electrocatalysts for efficient OER/ORR activity in alkaline solution.