OPTIMIZATION OF UPDATING LAND AND BUILDING TAX OBJECT IN IMPROVING LOCAL OWN-SOURCE REVENUE FOR MEDAN DEVELOPMENT ACCELERATION

Local own-source revenue is one of the sources of revenue for the government of Medan. This revenue is used to accelerate the development of the city of Medan, especially in the infrastructure development section. A better infrastructure will help in the implementation of business operations that support the improvement of community welfare. One source of local revenues is the local tax revenue. The community service was conducted to optimize the revenue of Medan through optimizing the value of taxable object. This community service supported the government of Medan medium term plan program. This service was carried out with briefing methods, workshops, and mentorings. Science and technology given include work ethic, effective communication, and taxable object valuation. The results of this community service were satisfactory. There was a significant change in the attitude of partners while updating the data. As the results, the community as the owner of taxable object becomes more cooperative and the updating data goes better.

THE ACT FRAME: THE INVARIABLE MODEL AND VARIANTS OF ITS ACTUALIZATION

The article presents the results of the frame analysis of the situations of such acts as “help”, “benefaction”, “heroism”, “exploit”, “prank”, “antic”, “trick”, etc. The research is based on the idea according to which the conceptualization of acts is linked with the invariable frame, which is a structure built by the following elements: aim, action, subject, object, valuation, result. The aim of the paper is to show how the names of the acts represent this invariable frame model of an act. In the analysis of the names of acts and their cognate words in speech it was revealed that the elements of the slots are interrelated and characterize different aspects of the situations of acts. The conclusion was made that in different situations various elements of the invariable frame can come into the focus of attention. The research shows that the frame of act is a complex, multidimensional category, which reflects the world and relations between its elements.

A dynamic code for economic object valuation in prefrontal cortex neurons

Neuronal reward valuations provide the physiological basis for economic behaviour. Yet, how such valuations are converted to economic decisions remains unclear. Here we show that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) implements a flexible value code based on object-specific valuations by single neurons. As monkeys perform a reward-based foraging task, individual DLPFC neurons signal the value of specific choice objects derived from recent experience. These neuronal object values satisfy principles of competitive choice mechanisms, track performance fluctuations and follow predictions of a classical behavioural model (Herrnstein’s matching law). Individual neurons dynamically encode both, the updating of object values from recently experienced rewards, and their subsequent conversion to object choices during decision-making. Decoding from unselected populations enables a read-out of motivational and decision variables not emphasized by individual neurons. These findings suggest a dynamic single-neuron and population value code in DLPFC that advances from reward experiences to economic object values and future choices.