The participatory process in the review of the Master Plan of Vitória (2014-2018)

The Federal Constitution of 1988 defined the Master Plan as a 'basic instrument' of urban development policy and subsequent legislation, which regulated the Urban Policy chapter (Estatuto da Cidade, Federal Law No. 10,257 / 2001), reinforced a set of participatory requirements in the availability and implementation of the corresponding policies. Based on this new institutional arrangement, this research paper analyzes a participatory structure in the process of reviewing the Master Plan for the municipality of Vitória, capital of Espírito Santo, in the period 2014-2018. The investigation took as an analytical parameter the participatory methodology proposed by the Ministry of Cities, whose distinguishing feature was the dissemination of democratic management instruments. The empirical analysis shows that several participatory mechanisms were implemented, such as public hearings of regional and social segments, thematic seminars, round tables, territorial assemblies, implementation of a collaborative website, involvement of the Municipal Council of the Urban Master Plan (CMPDU) and realization of the Municipal Conference on Urban Policy (Encontro da Cidade), in which the draft of the Master Plan bill was presented, discussed and voted on. Thus, the process incorporated the participatory methodology recommended by the Ministry of Cities and the corresponding legislation. The effectiveness of participation according to the guidelines of the City Statute is still an ongoing process, but the inclusion of democratic management mechanisms is a reality in Vitória, constituting an institutional advance.

Integrating conformance and performance for the evaluation of urban planning implementation from a goal-oriented perspective

Urban planning implementation evaluation (UPIE) is an important tool for the supervision and inspection of the outcomes, processes and effectiveness of planning implementation. Conformance-based evaluation refers to the exploration of the degree of coincidence between actual situations and planning contents. Decision-centred performance evaluation focuses on exploring the role and purpose of plans in the implementation process. Although consensus has been reached on conformance and decision-centred performance evaluation, goal-oriented performance evaluation needs further development. Therefore, the integrated theoretical framework of UPIE, which emphasizes social effectiveness, has been constructed with goal-oriented performance in mind. It is suggested that performance-based evaluation that focuses on social effectiveness reveals the gap between actual situations and planning goals and can be established by the degree of realization of planning goals. Meanwhile, it has put forward a service-capabilities-based evaluation methodology which relies on the spatial matching between service supply and user group demands. Taking the Urban Master Plan of Xi’an (2008–2020) as an example, the results of UPIE show that this blueprint needs further revisions and adjustments. Through a goal-oriented methodology, the integrated theoretical framework can attract more attention to social effectiveness.

Assessing heat wave mitigation strategies in a Mediterranean coastal city: how effective are cool roofs and urban green?

<p>Heat waves (HW) are expected to become more frequent and intense in urban areas, where currently 54% of the population resides (United Nations, 2018) and 60% are expected to do so by 2030. Urban policy makers are proposing various mitigation strategies, but currently lack the tools to determine how effective they will be in terms of the city´s geography climate and urban morphology. We use the Weather and Research Forecasting Model (WRF)  with the multi-layer Urban Scheme Building Effect Parametrization (BEP) and Building Energy Model (BEP+BEM) (Martilli et al., 2002), to simulate three scenarios proposed by the Urban Master Plan of the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona (AMB) for potential implementation. We include detailed input data using cartography at 10 m resolution and eleven urban classes.  We simulate a HW episode that occurred in July-August 2015 when temperatures reached 40°C during the day and did not go below 25°C at night, for more than five consecutive days. The three potential scenarios simulated are: 1) Increasing the albedo of rooftops to 0.85 for certain urban classes, 2) Increasing the urban green by an additional 255.64 ha according to the proposal of the Master Urban Plan for 2030 with two different irrigation schemes and 3) a combination of these two complementary mitigation strategies. We find that the cool roofs reduce temperatures best during the day (average reductions of 2.22°C), while the additional green areas help moderate temperatures evenly during the day and nighttime (average reductions of 0.15°C and 0.17°C, respectively). However, when irrigation is increased from 2 to 5L/m<sup>2</sup>day, the temperature reduction potential during the day is intensified due to the cooling effect of more evapotranspiration. The thermal regulation potential of the combined scenario is the most propagated over the AMB and has the highest impact with average daytime reductions of 1.26°C and maximum reduction of 4.73°C at 13:00 UTC.</p>

GESTÃO DA DRENAGEM URBANA NA CAPITAL DO ESTADO DO ESPÍRITO SANTO

<p>A urbanização das cidades tem diminuído a infiltração das águas pluviais e aumentado o escoamento superficial, proporcionando alagamentos, deslizamentos de encostas e poluição de corpos hídricos. Considerando que o serviço público de Drenagem e Manejo de águas pluviais urbanas foi estabelecido, pela Lei nº 11.445/2007, como um componente do saneamento básico com titularidade municipal, urge a necessidade de se verificar o empenho da gestão municipal para evitar os problemas de drenagem. Assim, com base em revisão bibliográfica e documental, este trabalho promove uma investigação acerca da gestão municipal de Drenagem e Manejo de águas pluviais urbanas no município de Vitória/ES, possibilitando descrever a infraestrutura do sistema implantado, os aspectos legais existentes, a estrutura organizacional empregada, os recursos humanos disponíveis e os recursos financeiros aplicados no período de 2014 a 2017. O resultado demonstra que Vitória possui um sistema de drenagem composto por 285,48km de redes, quatro estações de bombeamento de águas pluviais, seis reservatórios <em>in line</em> e um <em>off line</em>. Os principais instrumentos legais identificados compreendem o Plano Municipal de Saneamento Básico, que atualizou o Plano Diretor de Drenagem Urbana, as diretrizes do Plano Diretor Urbano relativas às taxas de impermeabilização, e o Manual de Drenagem. Três secretarias municipais acumulam atribuições para a gestão e o gerenciamento da componente drenagem urbana, ocorrendo pouca integração na realização das atividades de planejamento, implantação, operação, manutenção e monitoramento. O estudo demonstra, ainda, que apenas dois servidores atuam exclusivamente com drenagem e que os recursos financeiros aplicados em 2017 representam 0,3% das despesas municipais ocorridas no mesmo ano. Conclui-se que o desempenho da gestão de drenagem no Município apresentou um recuo nos anos analisados.</p><p> </p><p align="center">URBAN DRAINAGE MANAGEMENT IN THE CAPITAL OF THE STATE OF ESPÍRITO SANTO</p><p>The urbanization of cities reduces the infiltration of rainwater and increases runoff, providing flooding, landslides and pollution of water bodies. Considering that Drainage and Management of urban rainwater service was established, by Law nº 11445 / 2007, as an axis of basic sanitation with municipal ownership, there is an urgent need to verify the commitment of the municipal management to avoid drainage problems. Thus, based on a bibliographic and documentary review, this work promotes an investigation about the municipal management of drainage and management of urban rainwater in the municipality of Vitória / ES. Making it possible to describe the infrastructure of the implemented system, the existing legal aspects, the organizational structure, the human resources available and the financial resources applied in the period from 2014 to 2017. The result shows Vitória has a drainage system composed of 285.48 km of networks, four rainwater-pumping stations, six in-line reservoirs and an off line. The main legal instruments identified comprise the municipal basic sanitation plan, which updated the urban drainage master plan, the guidelines of the urban master plan, relating to waterproofing rates and the drainage manual. The drainage attributions are distributed in three municipal departments and have little integration in the planning, execution, operation, maintenance and monitoring activities. The study also shows that only two civil servants work exclusively with drainage and that the financial resources applied in 2017 represent 0.3% of municipal expenses that occurred in the same year. It concludes that the performance of drainage management in the municipality has decreased in the last years of analysis.</p>

GEO-INFORMATIC APPLICATION IN ANOMALIES ASSESSMENT IN THE MASTER PLAN OF IDAH TOWN, KOGI STATE, NIGERIA

Nigerian urban environments are characterized by uncontrolled organic and consciously created urban settlements driven by a host of factors. This study used geo-informatic technology to assess the anomalies in the Master Plan of Idah town between 2005 and 2015. The Master Plan of Idah town and high resolution IKONOS images were acquired to provide data for the study while geo-informatic technology was use in the data analysis. The results show that in 2005 residential land use exceeded the expected area in the Master Plan by 1,474,270.6 m2, commercial land use is not accordingly developed having an area of 3,290 m2 encroached upon, that of industrial is encroached upon by 569,766.8 m2, educational is encroached upon by 769,766.8 m2, recreational is encroached upon by 1,521 m2, health is encroached upon by 62,802 m2, religious is encroached upon by 8,026 m2 while government and civic land is encroached upon by 9,265 m2, and transport is encroached upon by 50,333 m2. The study further revealed that the anomalies in the urban Master Plan of Idah town advanced in 2015 with the residential land use exceeded the expected land area designated for it in 2005 by 8,142,704.7 m2 while other land uses that were not fully developed were also encroached upon. Despite the detailed master plan was prepared for Idah town covering the period 1974 to 2005 the implementation is absolutely void. The study recommended that, the Master Plan should be urgently renew to avoid further land use development resulting in more anomalies.

High-Modernist Urban Planning in Beijing for Population Control

This article analyses the implementation process of Beijing’s current urban master plan using the background of modernisation theory. The line of thought behind the new urban master plan follows a high-modernist ideology embedded in an environment of reflexive modernity. Intermediate goals of the urban master plan are to tighten population control and increase social legibility of the city, providing an additional explanation for state-led urbanisation besides economic reasons. Urban planning is thus used as a social control mechanism and has emerged as a new means to maintain social distinction, creating new forms of exclusion. It can be observed that disruptive Mao era style pushes are still being employed in the policy cycle even today. This becomes evident from the implementation style of urban planning, where campaign-style and regularised implementation methods are complementing each other. This is corroborated through documentary analysis, interviews, and fieldwork conducted by the author.