Associations of Dietary Bioactive Compounds with Maternal Adiposity and Inflammation in Gestational Diabetes: An Update on Observational and Clinical Studies

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common complication of pregnancy that adversely affects maternal and offspring health. Maternal obesity, oxidative stress, and inflammation have been implicated in GDM. In non-pregnant adults, intakes of dietary bioactive compounds inversely associate with insulin resistance and inflammation. However, associations of dietary bioactive compounds with biomarkers of adiposity, antioxidant vitamin and mineral status, oxidative stress, and inflammation in GDM have not been fully elucidated. We addressed this gap by conducting a semi-quantitative review of observational studies and randomized controlled trials published between 2010 and 2020 and retrieved from Google Scholar, Medline, and PubMed. Our analysis revealed that women with GDM are more likely to consume a pro-inflammatory diet before pregnancy and tend to consume fewer antioxidant vitamins and minerals during pregnancy than healthy pregnant women. Women with GDM also have lower blood levels of vitamins A, C, and D and certain adipokines. Several dietary bioactive compounds were noted to improve antioxidant status and biomarkers of inflammation. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet and soybean oligosaccharides increased antioxidant enzyme levels. Supplementing n-3 fatty acids, probiotics, synbiotics, and trace elements increased antioxidant enzymes and reduced hs-CRP and MDA. Improvements in inflammation by vitamin D may be contingent upon co-supplementation with other dietary bioactive compounds.

Soybean Oligosaccharides Supplementation Attenuates the Fecal Odor Compounds by Modulate the Cecal Microbiota of Broilers

Background: Abatement of odor emissions in poultry production is very important for the quality and safety in poultry industries and benefit to the environment.Methods: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the dietary supplementation of different levels soybean oligosaccharides (SBO) in comparison with chlortetracycline (CHL) on major odor-causing compound in excreta and cecal microbiota of broiler chickens. One-day-old broiler chickens were assigned to 6 treatments with 6 replicate pens (10 birds/pen) for the 42-day experiment, including, the negative control (NC) fed a basal diet, the positive control (PC) fed a basal diet with CHL, and the basal diet with SBO at 0.5, 2.0, 3.5, and 5.0 g/kg, respectively. Fresh excreta was sampled for analysis odor compounds by high performance liquid chromatography. Cecum content was collected to analyze the cecal microbiota by 16S rRNA sequencing. Results: The excreta indole concentration of broilers fed 2.0, 3.5 and 5.0 g/kg SBO and CHL diets were significantly decreased (P < 0.01) compared to NC. Excreta skatole concentration (P < 0.001) and pH (P < 0.05) were decreased by SBO and CHL. Formate concentration of birds fed 3.5 and 5.0 g/kg SBO diets were higher than that of birds fed other diets (P < 0.001). The acetate concentration (P = 0.003) were increased in birds fed 3.5 g/kg SBO diet. Deep sequencing 16S rRNA revealed that the composition of the cecal microbial digesta slightly or significantly changed by the supplementation of SBO or CHL. SBO decreased the abundance of Bacteroides, Bilophila, and Escherichia, which were related to indole and skatole concentration of excreta. While CHL had strong tendency to enrich Ruminococcus and reduce Rikenella. Conclusion: These results indicated that supplementation of dietary SBO was beneficial in attenuating the concentration of odor causing compounds and impact the composition cecal microbiota of broilers.

Mechanisms of Action of Prebiotics and Their Effects on Gastro-Intestinal Disorders in Adults

In recent years, research has focused on the use of dietary fibers and prebiotics, since many of these polysaccharides can be metabolized by intestinal microbiota, leading to the production of short-chain fatty acids. The metabolites of prebiotic fermentation also show anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory capabilities, suggesting an interesting role in the treatment of several pathological conditions. Galacto-oligosaccharide and short- and long-chain fructans (Fructo-oligosaccharides and inulin) are the most studied prebiotics, even if other dietary compounds seem to show the same features. There is an increasing interest in dietary strategies to modulate microbiota. The aim of this review is to explore the mechanisms of action of prebiotics and their effects on the principal gastro-intestinal disorders in adults, with a special focus on Galacto-oligosaccharides, Fructo-oligosaccharides, lactulose and new emerging substances which currently have evidence of prebiotics effects, such as xilooligosaccharides, soybean oligosaccharides, isomaltooligosaccharides, lactobionic acid, resistant starch and polyphenols.

Efisiensi Penggunaan Protein Pada Ayam Broiler Yang Diberi Pakan Dengan Penambahan Soybean Oligosakarida Sebagai Sumber Prebiotik (The Effects Of Feeding Soybean Oligosaccharides Derived From Extract Soybean Meal And Soybean Hull On Weight Of Carcass, Protein Meat And Water Holding Capacity In Broiler Chickens)

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji efek pemberian soybean oligosakarida dari ekstrak bungkil kedelai (EBK) dan ekstrak kulit kedelai (EKK) terhadap bobot karkas, kandungan protein daging dan rasio efisiensi protein (REP). Materi penelitian adalah 160 ekor ayam broiler unsex dengan bobot badan 112,24±6,70 g pada umur 8 hari. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan 5 perlakuan dan 4 ulangan (masing-masing 8 ekor ayam). Perlakuan terdiri dari : T0 (ransum basal), T1 (ransum basal+0,15% EBK), T2 (ransum basal+0,3% EBK), T3 (ransum basal+0,15% EKK), T4 (ransum basal+0,3% EKK). Data dianalisis ragam dan dilanjutkan dengan uji wilayah ganda Duncan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian soybean oligosakarida dari EBK dan EKK nyata (P<0,05) meningkatkan bobot karkas, namun tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap kandungan protein dan REP. Simpulan penelitian adalah pemberian soybean oligosakarida dari ekstrak bungkil dan kulit kedelai sampai level 0,3% dapat meningkatkan bobot karkas ayam broiler.

Pemanfaatan Soybean Oligosaccharides Dari Bungkil Dan Kulit Kedelai Terhadap Ketahanan Tubuh Ayam Broiler (Utilization Of Soybean Oligosaccharides Derived From Soybean Meal And Soybean Hull On Immune Responses In Broiler Chickens)

Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemanfaatan soybean oligosaccharides dari bungkil dan kulit kedelai dalam ransum terhadap bobot relatif bursa fabricius, bobot relatif limpa, rasio heterofil limfosit, dan pertambahan bobot badan ayam broiler. Ternak yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah ayam broiler strain Lohman sebanyak 160 ekor umur 7 hari dengan bobot badan awal 112, 24 ± 6,70 g. Penelitian 48 Pemanfaatan Soybean Oligosaccharides dari Bungkil dan Kulit Kedelai Terhadap Ketahanan TubuhAyam Broiler menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan 5 perlakuan dan 4 ulangan. Perlakuan menggunakan soybean oligosaccharides dalam bentuk ekstrak dari bungkil kedelai(EBK) dan ekstrak kulit kedelai(EKK) meliputi T0 (kontrol), T1 (EBK 0,15%), T2 (EBK 0,3%), T3 (EKK 0,15%), dan T4 (EKK 0,3%). Parameter yang diukur meliputi bobot relatif bursa fabricius, bobot relatif limpa, nilai rasio heterofil limfosit, dan pertambahan bobot badan. Data dianalisis varians dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Wilayah Ganda Duncan. Hasil penelitianmenunjukan bahwa penambahan soybean oligosaccharide dalam bentuk ekstrak kulit kedelai maupun bungkil kedelai tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap bobot relatif organ limfoid, tetapi berpengaruh nyata (P<0,05) terhadap rasio heterofil limfosit dan pertambahan bobot badan ayam broiler. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemanfaatan soybean oligosaccharides dari bungkil kedelai maupun kulit kedelai mampu mempertahankan kondisi kesehatan dilihat dari bobot organ limfoid yang normal dan menurunkan rasio heterofil limfosit. Soybean oligosaccharides dari bungkil kedelai taraf 0,3% menghasilkan pertambahan bobot badan yang terpenuhi.