Comparative Analysis of Various Types of Control Techniques for Wind Energy Conversion System

The interest towards renewable energy has been enhanced due to zero pollutant emission. Considering the present scenario, wind as a renewable source of energy is highly recommended. As it is freely available and free from pollution, wind can effectively play a role for energy generation. This can produce quality power during grid integrations as the load demands. Due to rapid variations in wind speed, wind energy systems need highly synchronized and powerful controller techniques for power regulations to overcome transients, voltage sags, and swells. A suitable and responsive controller is essential for power generation from wind energy. The controllers for wind energy system are categorized into five controller designs according to their locations to control the demand of the turbine system during grid integrations. In this chapter, various controller designs and implementations are highlighted with reference to previous works and existing studies.

Dynamic Combined Economic Emission Dispatch Including Wind Generators by Real Coded Genetic Algorithm

With the growing environmental depletion, the shift in the focus towards minimizing the emissions of gases released in the conventional generators and further incorporation of a cleaner alternate renewable source of energy such as wind or solar to the existing system is of utmost importance. The research paper aims to build an environmentally resilient electric power system. Real coded genetic algorithm- powerful optimization technique is employed to solve the dynamic combined economic emission dispatch i.e. DCEED strategy for two proposed algorithm. The first proposed DCEED algorithm includes fuel cost of only conventional generators while in the second algorithm along with conventional generators, wind powered generators with varying power output characteristic is added. A comparative analysis of both the algorithms in terms of total combined cost, emission level and fuel cost is taken into account and it is observed that in spite of wind uncertainty the proposed method is more economical.

Grid-Tie Rotating Solar Rooftop System Using Atmega

This paper presents a grid-tie rotating solar rooftop system solar power project which is powered by using Atmega 328 microcontroller. It includes solar panel, LCD display, and battery charging circuit and an inverter circuit with sun tracking capability. This project represents whether a particular industrial or residential load would be powered by the photovoltaic panel or the company. This project is based on Atmega 328 micro-controller which controls the solar array by rotating it consistently with the position of sun. This energy obtained from the solar array is then stored in battery which is then sent back to power the domestic or industrial area. The remaining energy is then reverted to the power house through the gird-tie system. Hence with the assistance of this project, power usage can be reduced by the renewable source of energy and profit can be earned with the help of the power which is fed back to the grid.

Lignosulphonates as an Alternative to Non-Renewable Binders in Wood-Based Materials

Lignin is a widely abundant renewable source of phenolic compounds. Despite the growing interest on using it as a substitute for its petroleum-based counterparts, only 1 to 2% of the global lignin production is used for obtaining value-added products. Lignosulphonates (LS), derived from the sulphite pulping process, account for 90% of the total market of commercial lignin. The most successful industrial attempts to use lignin for wood adhesives are based on using this polymer as a partial substitute in phenol-formaldehyde or urea-formaldehyde resins. Alternatively, formaldehyde-free adhesives with lignin and lignosulphonates have also been developed with promising results. However, the low number of reactive sites available in lignin’s aromatic ring and high polydispersity have hindered its application in resin synthesis. Currently, finding suitable crosslinkers for LS and decreasing the long pressing time associated with lignin adhesives remains a challenge. Thus, several methods have been proposed to improve the reactivity of lignin molecules. In this paper, techniques to extract, characterize, as well as improve the reactivity of LS are addressed. The most recent advances in the application of LS in wood adhesives, with and without combination with formaldehyde, are also reviewed.

Optimization Technique for Reducing Energy Consumption of Rapid Transit Mode

Since the time, our mother earth was created, energy was taken from the universe(System),now energy is being depleted as non-renewable source. Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed as it transforms in one form to another. So researchers came up with renewable source of energy as the solution like solar, wind and tidal waves. The world is experiencing an energy crisis and the prices of petroleum products like petrol and diesel has gone up. So its time to come forward and save the future of our mother earth. The paper deals in reducing energy consumption of rail rapid transit mode i.e. of metro. It shows how driving behaviour can be controlled using optimized speed profile and efficiency can be managed. It states round trip data taken of Mumbai(India) metro from Versova to Ghatkopar and viceversa. Speed data was taken from GPS(Global Postioning System) embedded in Smart watch Software. Time interval was noted and distance, acceleration data was formulated using Newtons Equations of Motion. Energy Consumed was drawn out from tractive effort data. Then efficiency, energy lost and regenerative braking energy was calculated using Work Energy Theorem. Maximum efficiency of 88.27% was obtained between Asalpha to Jagruti Nagar Station while between Western Express Highway to Andheri Station a 72.66% efficiency was analysed. This affects the time interval of metro trains arriving at station, also the amount of boarding and alighting passengers from the train. A model was designed and simulated using results obtained. The paper also deals with the prototype of Regenerative energy which can either be used in braking systems but also for acceleration and cruising purpose. The idea can benefit a developing country like India where 6.3% GDP is from Transportation Industry. Keywords: optimized speed profile, efficiency, regenerative braking energy

Elucidation of the Roles of Ionic Liquid in CO2 Electrochemical Reduction to Value-Added Chemicals and Fuels

The electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2ER) is amongst one the most promising technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions since carbon dioxide (CO2) can be converted to value-added products. Moreover, the possibility of using a renewable source of energy makes this process environmentally compelling. CO2ER in ionic liquids (ILs) has recently attracted attention due to its unique properties in reducing overpotential and raising faradaic efficiency. The current literature on CO2ER mainly reports on the effect of structures, physical and chemical interactions, acidity, and the electrode–electrolyte interface region on the reaction mechanism. However, in this work, new insights are presented for the CO2ER reaction mechanism that are based on the molecular interactions of the ILs and their physicochemical properties. This new insight will open possibilities for the utilization of new types of ionic liquids. Additionally, the roles of anions, cations, and the electrodes in the CO2ER reactions are also reviewed.

Investigating (Pseudo)-Heterogeneous Pd-Catalysts for Kraft Lignin Depolymerization under Mild Aqueous Basic Conditions

Lignin is one of the main components of lignocellulosic biomass and corresponds to the first renewable source of aromatic compounds. It is obtained as a by-product in 100 million tons per year, mainly from the paper industry, from which only 2–3% is upgraded for chemistry purposes, with the rest being used as an energy source. The richness of the functional groups in lignin makes it an attractive precursor for a wide variety of aromatic compounds. With this aim, we investigated the Pd-catalyzed depolymerization of lignin under mild oxidizing conditions (air, 150 °C, and aqueous NaOH) producing oxygenated aromatic compounds, such as vanillin, vanillic acid, and acetovanillone. Palladium catalysts were implemented following different strategies, involving nanoparticles stabilized in water, and nanoparticles were supported on TiO2. Significant conversion of lignin was observed in all cases; however, depending on the catalyst nature and the synthetic methods, differences were observed in terms of selectivity in aromatic monomers, mainly vanillin. All these aspects are discussed in detail in this report, which also provides new insights into the role that Pd-catalysts can play for the lignin depolymerization mechanism.