nervus terminalis
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2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Bilinska ◽  
Christopher S. von Bartheld ◽  
Rafal Butowt

Previous studies suggested that the SARS-CoV-2 virus may gain access to the brain by using a route along the olfactory nerve. However, there is a general consensus that the obligatory virus entry receptor, angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), is not expressed in olfactory receptor neurons, and the timing of arrival of the virus in brain targets is inconsistent with a neuronal transfer along olfactory projections. We determined whether nervus terminalis neurons and their peripheral and central projections should be considered as a potential alternative route from the nose to the brain. Nervus terminalis neurons in postnatal mice were double-labeled with antibodies against ACE2 and two nervus terminalis markers, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and choline acetyltransferase (CHAT). We show that a small fraction of CHAT-labeled nervus terminalis neurons, and the large majority of GnRH-labeled nervus terminalis neurons with cell bodies in the region between the olfactory epithelium and the olfactory bulb express ACE2 and cathepsins B and L. Nervus terminalis neurons therefore may provide a direct route for the virus from the nasal epithelium, possibly via innervation of Bowman’s glands, to brain targets, including the telencephalon and diencephalon. This possibility needs to be examined in suitable animal models and in human tissues.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Bilinska ◽  
Christopher S. von Bartheld ◽  
Rafal Butowt

AbstractPrevious studies suggested that the SARS-CoV-2 virus may gain access to the brain by using a route along the olfactory nerve. However, there is a general consensus that the obligatory virus entry receptor, angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), is not expressed in olfactory receptor neurons, and the timing of arrival of the virus in brain targets is inconsistent with a neuronal transfer along olfactory projections. We determined whether nervus terminalis neurons and their peripheral and central projections may provide an alternative route from the nose to the brain. Nervus terminalis neurons were double-labeled with antibodies against ACE2 and nervus terminalis markers in postnatal mice. We show that most nervus terminalis neurons with cell bodies in the region between the olfactory epithelium and the olfactory bulb express ACE2, and therefore may provide a direct route for the virus from the nasal epithelium and Bowman’s glands to brain targets, including the telencephalon and diencephalon.


2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhe Wu Jin ◽  
Kwang Ho Cho ◽  
Shunichi Shibata ◽  
Masahito Yamamoto ◽  
Gen Murakami ◽  
...  

2018 ◽  
Vol 302 (3) ◽  
pp. 394-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ángel Peña-Melián ◽  
Juan Pablo Cabello-de la Rosa ◽  
Maria José Gallardo-Alcañiz ◽  
Julia Vaamonde-Gamo ◽  
Fernanda Relea-Calatayud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  

2015 ◽  
Vol 364 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biagio D’Aniello ◽  
Gianluca Polese ◽  
Luciano Luongo ◽  
Anna Scandurra ◽  
Laura Magliozzi ◽  
...  

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel A. Vilensky

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