Dampak Masuknya Imigran Timur Tengah terhadap Keamanan Manusia Domestik dan Respon Kebijakan Amerika Serikat Era Donald Trump

Keresahan AS terhadap datangnya imigran Timur Tengah menjadi salah satu fokus utama kebijakan luar negeri pada era pemerintahan Trump. Dengan menggunakan alat analisis konsep keamanan manusia dan kebijakan luar negeri, studi ini bertujuan menjelaskan kebijakan luar negeri AS di era Trump sebagai respon terhadap masuknya gelombang imigran Timur Tengah yang mengancam sektor keamanan personal domestik AS. Kebijakan yang dikeluarkan dari pemerintahan Trump, tidak terlepas dari pandangan Islamophobia yang dimiliki Trump, sehingga menghasilkan produk kebijakan luar negeri terhadap imigran Timur Tengah yang bersifat kontradiktif dengan era pemerintah sebelumnya. Studi ini menggunakan metode penelitian analisis kualitatif-deskriptif, dengan teknik pengumpulan data sekunder. Dalam studi ini ditemukan beberapa strategi kebijakan luar negeri Trump sebagai agenda meningkatkan dan mempertahankan keamanan manusia domestik AS yakni Border Security and Interior Enforcement dan perintah eksektutif “Protecting the Nation from Terrorist Attacks by Foreign National” melalui travel ban.

Fighting the Machine in the Streets and in the Courts

This chapter documents the growing resistance to deportation at the dawn of the age of mass expulsion. It focuses on metropolitan Los Angeles as the ground zero of the Immigration and Naturalization Service's (INS) interior enforcement efforts in the 1970s. It describes the tireless efforts of immigrants and activists that helped build solidarity and empower the “undocumented” community. The chapter also discusses the effectiveness of voluntary departures, INS raids, and fear campaigns that are meant to scare people into the shadows or out of the country. It analyzes the basic idea of being undocumented that automatically implied deportability. It also talks about the resistance of the undocumented community's resistance that helped determine the civil rights of noncitizens and defend the immigrants' dignity that transcended legal status and citizenship.

Immigration Enforcement, Deterrence, and Crime

Does interior enforcement selectively deter Mexican migration? Our study shows that more aggressive enforcement increases the likelihood of having immigrants with US work experience and with jobs secured in the United States before their migration. We also look at whether having employment may be associated with lower crime incidence and shorter detention periods among immigrants. We find that employment decreases the likelihood of observing immigrants committing serious crimes and on the length of immigrant detention. By attracting quality workers, enforcement might decrease crime incidence, along with the length and costs of detention of removable immigrants in the United States.

Drug Violence, Immigration Enforcement, and Selectivity: Evidence from Mexican Immigrants

We study how drug violence in Mexico and internal immigration enforcement in the United States affect the selectivity of Mexican immigrants. We find that violence is associated with an increase in English proficiency among immigrants. Furthermore, the deterrence effect of interior enforcement varies: it is associated with increases in the probability of observing undocumented immigrants with prior migration experience, who are English proficient and have higher unobservable abilities. Those factors are associated with a higher probability of finding a job, and higher productivity and earnings in the US labor market.

LEP Language Disability, Immigration Reform, and English-Language Acquisition

Policy might partly shape the English-language acquisition of Hispanics migrating to the U.S. mainland, particularly policies related to limited-English-language disability benefits and immigration reform. Using data from the American Community Survey, we find that island-born Puerto Ricans on the U.S. mainland, as U.S. citizens, may have lower incentives to learn English than Hispanic immigrants because of their higher participation in LEP disability programs. However, among Mexican immigrants, recent immigration reform aimed at interior enforcement might have increased incentives for Mexican immigrants to learn English to reduce their probability of detection, if speaking English proxies for undocumented status.