Anti-Semitism

This chapter highlights the prominent role that religion has played in nineteenth and twentieth century anti-Semitism. The diverse primary sources, ranging from photos and political cartoons to religious texts and newspaper articles, focus on five central moments in this history—nineteenth century Christian texts, the Leo Frank Case, the Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion, the “Summer of Hate” (1999), and Gibson’s The Passion of the Christ. These documents help readers examine the ways Christian theology and, more recently, that of white supremacist religious groups, has fomented anti-Semitism in the United States.

INTEGRATING MUSIC INTO INTELLECTUAL HISTORY: NINETEENTH-CENTURY ART MUSIC AS A DISCOURSE OF AGENCY AND IDENTITY

Few intellectual historians of nineteenth-century Europe would deny that the tradition of art music that evolved between the revolutionary watershed at the end of the eighteenth century and the international wars and domestic convulsions of the first half of the twentieth century—a body of musical works from Haydn and Mozart to Mahler and Strauss that has been passed down to us in canonized form as the “imaginary museum” of “classical music” —was an enormously significant dimension of European cultural and intellectual history, especially in German-speaking central Europe. In the territories of the German Confederation, the Kingdom of Prussia and the Habsburg Empire, and later in the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires, the production, performance and consumption of classical music was not just an important element in the history of aesthetic and cultural forms but also a privileged site for imagining and enacting the organization of individuals into historical subjects (the Bildung of modern individuals) and for the integration of individuals into collectivities through processes of subjective identification. Broad interest in the relations between agency and identity among historians, including European intellectual historians, should have drawn many of them, one would have thought, toward investigation of the ways the cultural work undertaken by music was connected to, and interacted with, the cultural role of the textual and visual arts, or of how musical performance and experience helped European individuals organize and perform their self-activity and self-consciousness in relation to the past, to other individuals within the networks of communal relations, and to the transcendent. The history of music would appear to be critical for understanding historical experiences of the relations between memory and expectation at both the individual and communal levels.