Different seniority states of $^{119-126}$Sn isotopes: shell-model description

In the present work, available experimental data up to high-spin states of $^{119-126}$Sn isotopes with different seniority ($v$), including $v = 4$, 5, 6, and 7, are interpreted with the shell model, by performing shell-model calculations in the 50–82 valence shell composed of $1g_{7/2}$, $2d_{5/2}$, $1h_{11/2}$, $3s_{1/2}$, and $2d_{3/2}$ orbitals. The results are compared with the available experimental data. These states are described in terms of broken neutron pairs occupying the $h_{11/2}$ orbital. Possible configurations of seniority isomers in these nuclei are discussed. The breaking of three neutron pairs is responsible for generating high-spin states. The isomeric states $5^-$, $7^-$, $10^+$, and $15^-$ of even Sn isotopes, and isomeric states $19/2^+$, $23/2^+$, $27/2^-$, and $35/2^+$ of odd Sn isotopes, are described in terms of different seniority. For even Sn isotopes, the isomeric states $5^-$, $7^-$, and $10^+$ are due to seniority $v = 2$; the isomeric state $15^-$ is due to seniority $v = 4$, and, in the case of odd Sn isotopes, the isomeric states $19/2^+$, $23/2^+$, and $27/2^-$ are due to seniority $v = 3$, and the isomeric state $35/2^+$ in $^{123}$Sn is due to seniority $v = 5$. These are maximally aligned spins, which involve successive pair breakings in the $\nu (h_{11/2})$ orbital.

Inter-partner dynamics and joint venture competitiveness: a fuzzy TISM approach

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify the inter-partner dynamics-based enablers of joint venture (JV) competitiveness. In addition, this paper models the interactions among identified enablers/factors to project the strength of their relationship with JV competitiveness. Design/methodology/approach ISM- and total interpretive structural modeling (TISM)-based fuzzy TISM approach has been used to examine the interactions and strength of interactions among identified enablers of JV competitiveness. Findings The analysis concludes that inter-partner dynamics-based enablers, such as partner fit, power symmetry and trust, have strong driving power and low dependence power and are at the lowest level of hierarchy in fuzzy TISM model. Variables like collaborative communication, organizational learning and absorptive capacity are linkage variables and they have high dependence as well as driving power and they lie in the second level of fuzzy TISM hierarchy. Strategic flexibility is found to have high dependence power and has weak driving power. The outcome variable JV competitiveness found to have zero driving power and highest dependence power. Practical implications The findings have implications for practitioners and policy makers. JVs may achieve competitiveness by managing identified enablers (inter-partner dynamics). Originality/value Present paper is one among the few efforts that address the issue of JV competitiveness (post-formation of JV). Methodologically also, this study is one among few initial efforts of using modified fuzzy TISM to explore and understand the linkage among enablers and outcome variables. Modified fuzzy TISM process carries out transitivity checks along with the successive pair-wise comparisons and simplifies the fuzzy TISM approach.

Bent Hamilton Cycles in $d$-Dimensional Grid Graphs

A bent Hamilton cycle in a grid graph is one in which each edge in a successive pair of edges lies in a different dimension. We show that the $d$-dimensional grid graph has a bent Hamilton cycle if some dimension is even and $d \geq 3$, and does not have a bent Hamilton cycle if all dimensions are odd. In the latter case, we determine the conditions for when a bent Hamilton path exists. For the $d$-dimensional toroidal grid graph (i.e., the graph product of $d$ cycles), we show that there exists a bent Hamilton cycle when all dimensions are odd and $d \geq 3$. We also show that if $d=2$, then there exists a bent Hamilton cycle if and only if both dimensions are even.

Displacement electrophoresis

The method of displacement electrophoresis is described and its analogy with displacement chromatography shown. The apparatus consists basically of a capillary tube, a few tenths of a millimetre bore and thin walled, uniting two vessels, each containing an electrode. For the analysis of anions the cathode vessel contains an anion less mobile than any in the sample mixture to be analysed. The capillary tube is filled with a solution of a salt of an anion more mobile than any in the sample and a buffering cation. The anode vessel contains the buffering cation. The electrodes must not produce interfering ions or gas. To reduce disturbance by electroendosmosis a long chain soluble polymer is used to increase the viscosity of the solution in the capillary tube, and the electrode vessel is closed at the end to which electroendosmosis would cause flow if it were open. The sample is introduced between the cathode and the capillary, and a constant current is passed between the elec­trodes. The anions in the sample move initially at different speeds until they are separated in order of their mobility. Then all the anions in the apparatus move down the capillary at the same speed, assuming the tube to be of constant bore, since the concentrations so adjust themselves that the potential gradient at any point is inversely proportional to the mobility of the anions at that point. The boundary between each successive pair of ions is more or less sharp, depending upon the diffusion constants, the potential gradient, the difference in mobility, and the disturbance caused by electroendosmosis, temperature difference across the capillary, and flow of liquid. Each zone has a characteristic pH. Once the train of anions has separated it proceeds down the capillary unchanged. Since each zone has a particular potential gradient, it has also a particular rate of heat generation per unit length and a particular temperature. It is thus possible to follow the separation by means of fixed thermocouples on the outside of the tube, which will record the fronts as they pass under the thermocouple. A thermocouple measuring the temperature of the capillary relative to its surroundings plots a series of steps on a recorder, the height of a step from the baseline being a measure of the mobility. The length of the step is preferably measured from the distance between the peaks of the record provided by a differential thermocouple measuring the difference in temperature along a short length of the tube, which gives a record which is the differential of the step curve. The length of step is proportional to the length of tube occupied by that species of ion and hence to the quantity. A qualitative and quantitative analysis is thus possible. A theory is given of the points mentioned above. An experimental paper will follow.

Bunching in a semi-Markov process

In the type II counter with constant deadtime, particles which arrive within some constant time τ following another particle are unrecorded. We can think of this process as an alternating sequence of gaps and bunches of events. Gaps have duration > τ, while the intervals between any successive pair of events within a bunch are all ≦ τ. Counter theory is usually concerned with the distribution of intervals between recorded events (i.e., the first event of each bunch) and the distribution of the number of recorded events in a given time interval. In the case where the events form a renewal process this has been studied intensively by Pyke [2], Smith [5] and Takács [6].

Bunching in a semi-Markov process

In the type II counter with constant deadtime, particles which arrive within some constant time τ following another particle are unrecorded. We can think of this process as an alternating sequence of gaps and bunches of events. Gaps have duration > τ, while the intervals between any successive pair of events within a bunch are all ≦ τ. Counter theory is usually concerned with the distribution of intervals between recorded events (i.e., the first event of each bunch) and the distribution of the number of recorded events in a given time interval. In the case where the events form a renewal process this has been studied intensively by Pyke [2], Smith [5] and Takács [6].

X.—Researches in Contact Electricity: Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Science

At the surface of separation of any two different substances in contact, there exists in general an electromotive force tending to maintain a certain difference of potential between them. This principle, established for metals by Volta in 1796, has been extended by later investigators to other substances, including liquids and gases. From these early researches of Volta, and the later more elaborate inquiries of Kohlrausch, Hankel, and Gerland, there have been deduced certain fundamental laws, which have been fully corroborated by the recent work of Clifton, and Ayrton and Perry. If, of a number of conductors set serially in contact, the difference of potential between each successive pair is quantitatively estimated and reckoned positive or negative, according as the first member of the pair is at a higher or lower potential than its successor, then the difference of potential between the first and last members of the chain is equal to the algebraic sum of the potential differences between the successive contiguous pairs.