A Review of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education in India

It is evidenced that country which has a large number of the educated and skilled labour force has a higher potential to lead others in economic development. So, it can be said that the education increases the productivity of the population in general and of the labour force in particular, leading to increase in individual earnings or wages and as a result, contributing to economic growth. Secondary and higher secondary educated population as a labour force are trainable and adjusted as the requirements of the world-wide market. Secondary education now is the single largest provider of working people in all spheres of national productivity. This paper highlights the growth of secondary and higher secondary education of the country and examines the current problems and challenges related to secondary educational system in India. It has been found that the total number of students enrolled in and gross enrolment ratio of secondary education and higher secondary education reflect increasing trends over the period. It is found that there has been an improvement in gender parity, particularly at concerned education level shown by GPI. Although, the progress has been made in the secondary and higher secondary sector of education, the rate of progress does not correspond with the pace of requirement.

Relationships among higher secondary students' beliefs about mathematical ability, goals, learning strategies, and mathematics achievement, in the Maldives: A three-path mediational analysis

<p>Structural equation modelling techniques were used to test a three-path mediational model of mathematics achievement on the relationships among higher secondary students' beliefs about mathematical ability, achievement goals, learning strategies, and mathematics achievement. Participants were higher secondary students (n = 341) who were studying advanced level mathematics at the Centre for Higher Secondary Education, one of the largest school that provides higher secondary education in the Maldives. Questionnaires were used to collect self-report data. Students' final year mathematics results (i.e., standardised test results) were used as the achievement data. Incremental beliefs had a positive relation with mathematics achievement, mediated by mastery goals and deep-learning strategies. Incremental beliefs had a negative relation with mathematics achievement, mediated by performance-approach goals and surface-learning strategies. Entity beliefs had a negative relation with mathematics achievement, mediated through performance-avoidance goals and surface-learning strategies. Incremental beliefs also had an overall indirect positive relation, and entity beliefs had an overall indirect negative relation with the achievement. The results of the mediational model showed the best possible pathways that students could follow in the academic setting as far as performance and building capacity in mathematics were concerned. The results might be useful to teachers and educators with respect to making decisions aimed at creating a better learning environment for students and to improve the quality of mathematics education provided to higher secondary students in the Maldives.</p>

Relationships among higher secondary students' beliefs about mathematical ability, goals, learning strategies, and mathematics achievement, in the Maldives: A three-path mediational analysis

<p>Structural equation modelling techniques were used to test a three-path mediational model of mathematics achievement on the relationships among higher secondary students' beliefs about mathematical ability, achievement goals, learning strategies, and mathematics achievement. Participants were higher secondary students (n = 341) who were studying advanced level mathematics at the Centre for Higher Secondary Education, one of the largest school that provides higher secondary education in the Maldives. Questionnaires were used to collect self-report data. Students' final year mathematics results (i.e., standardised test results) were used as the achievement data. Incremental beliefs had a positive relation with mathematics achievement, mediated by mastery goals and deep-learning strategies. Incremental beliefs had a negative relation with mathematics achievement, mediated by performance-approach goals and surface-learning strategies. Entity beliefs had a negative relation with mathematics achievement, mediated through performance-avoidance goals and surface-learning strategies. Incremental beliefs also had an overall indirect positive relation, and entity beliefs had an overall indirect negative relation with the achievement. The results of the mediational model showed the best possible pathways that students could follow in the academic setting as far as performance and building capacity in mathematics were concerned. The results might be useful to teachers and educators with respect to making decisions aimed at creating a better learning environment for students and to improve the quality of mathematics education provided to higher secondary students in the Maldives.</p>

Knowledge of Cervical Cancer Screening among Women in Rural Areas

Introduction: Cervical cancer is the most preventable and successfully treatable form of cancer, as long as it is detected early and managed effectively. Cancers diagnosed in late stages can also be controlled with appropriate treatment and palliative care. Screening is therefore an important tool in detecting cancer. The objective of this research is to find about the depth of knowledge about cervical cancer among rural women. This is a cross – sectional study done in rural areas of Pondicherry (Koodapakkam and Katterikuppam) (around 10 Km). Our subjects were patients and attenders attending the PHC OPD in between January and March 2021. Women attending OPDs of PHC in and around Koodapakkam and Katterikuppam who are > 15 years of age were the study sample excluding pregnant women, lactating women, mentally ill women and post hysterectomy patients with sample size of 300 using a questionnaire. Our study Signifies that among 277 Hindu women, 68.59% were aware of Cervical cancer screening. Among 12 Muslims 75% were aware of Cervical cancer screening. Among 11 women following Christianity 63.63% were aware of cervical cancer screening. This proves that there is no significant association between religion and awareness. (p=0.43) In our study, among 67 illiterates, 64.17% were aware of Cervical cancer screening. Among 81 women with primary school education ,65.43 % were aware of Cervical cancer screening. Among 57 women who went to high school 77.19% were aware of Cervical cancer screening. Among 38 women with higher secondary education, 68.42% were aware of Cervical cancer screening. among 49 graduates, 71.42% were aware of Cervical cancer screening. Among 8 post graduates 37.5% were not aware of Cervical cancer screening. There is association between education and awareness. (p=0.001). Totally, among 208 women under 45 years of age, 73.07% were aware of Cervical cancer screening and among 92 women more than 45 years of age 58.69% were aware of Cervical cancer screening. There is significant association between age and awareness (p=0.005).

A Study to Assess the Knowledge an Institutional Delivery among Primi Gravida Mother’s at Selected Hospital of Jabalpur City, Madhya Pradesh

Background: The institutional delivery is being widely promoted because of its ability to promote child survival and reduce risk of maternal mortality. A woman is likely to go through pregnancy complications at the time of labor. Institutional delivery gives a safe environment for the mother to avoid any risk of medical complications during labor. Aim: The present study was to evaluate the effect of planned teaching programme on the knowledge regarding premenopausal problem of women. Subject and Methods: Total sample size consumed of 100 women and convenience sampling was used area in Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh. Data was collected using a self-structured question are purposive sampling. Results: Regarding demographic variables majority highest number of respondents were in the age group of 24-29. Majority of the respondent (49%) had higher secondary education. 57% of them were house wives, 42% were belongs to 10,001-15,000 income group, 68% were in Hindu religion, 68% were in nuclear family, 56% were residing in urban area, 32% got information from magazines, newspapers, journals or books and 76% of them had not experienced in institutional delivery before. Conclusion: It was found that self-instructional module was very effective in improving the knowledge of mothers of adolescent girls on knowledge regarding institutional delivery.

The Psychological and Quality of Life Impacts on Women in Hong Kong during the COVID-19 Pandemic

The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has caused a global health crisis. The adverse impacts on Asian women, including those in Hong Kong, are substantial. This cross-sectional online study examined the impacts of COVID-19 on Hong Kong women, including psychological effects, self-belief in coping, and quality of life, and was conducted over 4 weeks from July to August 2020. Females aged over 18, living in Hong Kong, and that could read Chinese, were included. Among 417 participants, 50.8% were aged below 50, 66.7% were married, 57.1% were caregivers, 61.4% had a family income of <USD 2600, and 70.3% attained higher secondary education or above. The results show that 32.2%, 42.4%, and 44.9% of participants had negative emotions of stress, anxiety, and depression. There are significant negative correlations between emotional state and different aspects of quality of life, but positive correlations between general self-efficacy and different aspects of quality of life. COVID-19 induced significant psychological and quality of life impacts on females in Hong Kong. The policymakers, healthcare professionals, and social support organizations should establish appropriate strategies and policies to support women during the COVID-19 pandemic or similar future crises.

Study of intellectual capital in the academic area of the upper secondary level, in the state of Tabasco, to generate a proposal for improvement

Objectives. Generate a comprehensive scenario that facilitates designing a proposal for the development of Intellectual Capital in Higher Secondary Education Institutions, in the state of Tabasco through an instrument that allows to measure intellectual capital, to make a comprehensive diagnosis and generate the proposal. Methodology. A methodological scheme is structured to establish a guide, which is useful for the author during the development of the research. The stages of the methodology are described, it should be clarified that each stage is divided by the period of time in which it is elaborated, Stage one: emergence of the idea, stage two: research protocol where the actors and experts are detected, stage three design of the instrument, stage four: obtaining the scenario and design of the proposal. Contribution. The study carried out in a decentralized public body of Higher Secondary Education, in such a way that it was possible to identify various limitations for obtaining Intellectual Capital, as well as areas of opportunity that could complement its obtaining. The results revealed that cultural, social and technological aspects originated little development of the system to obtain Intellectual Capital, this with the active participation of the experts

The Role of Emotions, Moral Disengagement and Gender in Supporting Victims of Bullying

Previous research shows that classmates supporting victims’ defence is fundamental to combat bullying. To find a suitable response for the bullying problem, we must bear in mind how all the victim’s classmates respond and what variables can determine their helping behaviour. Moral disengagement has been demonstrated to be a factor that explains behaviour when faced with bullying. Emotions have also been shown to be relevant for bullying behaviour. This research aimed to gain knowledge of how adolescents behave when faced with bullying and to analyse how their behaviour relates to moral disengagement and both positive and negative emotions, specifically supportive behaviour for victims. In the present study 1029 students participated, all of whom came from Secondary Education, Training Cycles and Higher Secondary Education Stages in Spain. The regression analysis confirmed that being male increased the likelihood of performing active and passive behaviours. Conversely, being female involved displaying more proactive behaviours. Feeling positive/pleasant emotions about bullying increased active behaviour. Feeling negative/unpleasant emotions about bullying increased behaviour in the proactive behavior group. Adolescents should be aware that stopping bullying is their personal responsibility, which depends on their behaviour with the victim. Interventions must aim to reduce moral disengagement and positive emotions about bullying by increasing negative emotions about such behaviour.