Naming Jerusalem: Poetry and the Identity of the Personified City in Lamentations 1-2

The order, frequency and variety of names given the personified city in Lamentations 1-2 enhances a sense of readerly empathy that the personification of the city imbues. In the first stanza of Lamentations 1, the names for the personified figure are ordered such that the most specific name appears in the description of the most personal violence. In Lamentations 2, the personified city is named with a similar frequency to the violent and angry language used to describe the deity. Combined with an increased use of endearment terms, this violence requires readers to hold together both the violence and the deep relationship between the city and her God.

Etiologies of zygomatic bone fracture at a tertiary care hospital of South Punjab, Pakistan

Background: Fracture of the zygomatic bone is a frequent maxillofacial trauma, due to its distinction which influences it to bear the brunt of facial trauma but its pattern seems to vary geographically. This study was planned to find out etiologies of zygomatic bone fracture at a tertiary care hospital of South Punjab, Pakistan.Methods: This descriptive observational study was conducted at The Department of Oral and Dental Surgery, Shaikh zayed Medical College Hospital Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan, from July December 2017. A total of 114 patients with isolated tripod zygomatic bone fracture were enrolled. Demographic characteristics of the patients along with etiologies of zygomatic bone fracture were recorded.Results: Out of a total of 114 patients having zygomatic bone fractures, there were 85 (74.6%) male. Majority of the patients, 58 (50.9%) were aged between 21 to 30 years, 78 (68.4%) belonged to rural areas, 42 (36.8%) laborers while socio-economic class of 66 (57.9%) patients was recorded to be middle income. Road traffic accidents were the commonest, seen among 48 (42.1%) patients followed by inter-personal violence and falls, noted among 26 (22.8%) and 17 (14.9%) patients respectively.Conclusions: Zygomatic bone fractures were most commonly seen among male gender and young age groups. Road traffic accidents and inter-personal violence were the most commonly noted etiologies in the present study.

Divided Allegiances and Alternative Histories

The second chapter examines psychological transnationalism in novels by Michelle Cliff and Margaret Cezair-Thompson. As the works illustrate, psychological exile is an essential part of the migratory experience; growing up with divided allegiances, each cognizant of their difference at every turn, the protagonists, Jean and Clare, are primed for flight. The authors highlight the effects of personal violence and advance alternative histories that have been lost in contemporary Jamaica. In Abeng and The True History of Paradise, migration is provoked by circumstances that render the homeland unsafe or unbearable; violence and interpersonal conflict operate as precursors to the female characters’ immigration. Together, the works query the degree to which one can fully “depart” one’s homeland.

Childhood Trauma and Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms Across Adolescence

BackgroundGrowth curve modelling such as trajectory analysis is useful for examining the longitudinal nature of depressive symptoms, their antecedents and later consequences. However, issues in interpretation associated with this methodology could hinder the translation from results to policy changes and interventions. The aim of this article is to provide a “model interpretation framework” for highlighting growth curve results in a more interpretable manner. Here we demonstrate the association between childhood trauma and trajectories of depressive symptoms. Childhood trauma has been shown to a be strong predictor for later depression, but less is known how childhood trauma has an effect throughout adolescence and young adulthood. Identifying when childhood trauma (and its severity) is likely to have its greatest impact on depression is important for determining the timing of interventions for depression.MethodsWe used data on over 6,500 individuals from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) to estimate trajectories of depressive symptoms between the ages of 11 and 24. Depressive symptoms were measured using the short mood and feelings questionnaire (SMFQ) across 9 occasions. Childhood trauma was assessed between the ages of 5 and 10 years old, and we estimated population averaged multilevel growth curves of depressive symptoms for exposure to trauma (yes vs no) and then in a separate model, the number of trauma types reported such as inter-personal violence or neglect (coded as 0, 1, 2, 3+). We then calculated what the depressive symptoms scores would be ages 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, between these varying trajectories.ResultsReported exposure to childhood trauma was associated with less favourable trajectories of depressive symptoms across adolescence, mainly characterised by exposed individuals having worse depressive symptoms at age 16. There was an exposure-response relationship between the number of childhood traumas and trajectories of depressive symptoms.Individuals exposed to 3 or more types of trauma had substantially steeper and less favourable trajectories of depressive symptoms: becoming worse at a more rapid rate until the age of 18. By age 18, individuals that reported the greatest exposure to trauma (3+ types of trauma) had 14% more depressive symptoms compared to non-exposed participants.LimitationsThis study was subject to attrition, particularly towards the latter ages of the SMFQ.ConclusionChildhood trauma is strongly associated with less favourable trajectories of depressive symptoms across adolescence. Individuals exposed to multiple types of inter-personal violence or neglect are at the greatest risk of worsening depressive symptoms throughout adolescence and young adulthood. Individuals exposed to traumatic experiences in childhood should be identified as at high risk of depression and other adverse outcomes as early trauma may disrupt social development and have lasting consequences on mental health outcomes.The model interpretation framework presented here may be more interpretable for researchers, clinicians and policy makers as it allows comparisons of depression across multiple stages of development to highlight when the effects of depression are greatest.

“Lock This Whore Up”: Legal Violence and Flows of Information Precipitating Personal Violence against People Criminalised for HIV-Related Crimes in Canada

This article examines the convergence of myriad forms of information on people who come to be targets of state and public control due to the perceived risk they present through having been alleged to have not disclosed their HIV-positive status to sex partners. Attending to the material, violent impacts of criminalisation – violence, both legal and extralegal – this article outlines how punishment is enhanced and amplified through the flow of information. Focusing on the material impacts of flows of information about the daily lives of people who face criminalisation moves analysis beyond solely a theoretical object of inquiry and helps to frame an understand that the effects of big data operate not just “within” big data surveillance, but also “beyond” big data surveillance.