Spatial and Seasonal Distribution of Heavy Metal Pollution in Tropical Lagoon off the Gulf Of Guinea

The consistency of the aquatic environment at any point reflects basin lithology, anthropogenic input and climatic conditions. Spatial and seasonal distribution of heavy metal pollution in tropical Lagoon off the Gulf of Guinea was investigated between November, 2018 to October, 2019. Water samples were collected bi-monthly for heavy metal analysis and physicochemical parameters were measured in-situ every month. Results for physicochemical parameters were presumed to be ideal for marine life for both seasons as prescribed by the Federal Ministry of Environment. Salinity showed a significant negative correlation with temperature and a significant positive correlation with electrical conductivity (EC) during wet season. During the dry season, temperature showed a significant positive correlation with pH. As the temperature rises, molecular vibrations increase which results in the ability of water to ionize and form hydrogen ions and resulted into pH drop. The trend of heavy metal concentrations in the entire study area during the wet and dry season were in the order: Pb>Cu>Zn=Cr>Cd and Cu>Cr>Zn=Cd>Pb respectively. Nemerow’s Pollution Index (NPI) and Contamination Index (CI) were further used to evaluate pollution status of each metal in each sample station and contamination status of the entire sample stations respectively. The CI of the study area showed a decreasing order: Apapa > Iddo > Makoko > Ibeshe > Egbin and Ibeshe > Makoko > Iddo > Apapa > Egbin for wet and dry seasons respectively. Keyword: tropical Lagoon, Gulf of Guinea, Physicochemical, heavy metal, Nemerow’s Pollution Index, Contamination Index

Seasonal and Spatial Variations of Ecological Risk from Potential Toxic Elements in the Southern Littoral Zone of İzmir Inner Gulf, Turkey

This study aimed to investigate the ecological risk level of İzmir Inner Gulf. Based on the findings, port, industry, settlement and transportation activities generated Mo, Pb, Cu, Cd, Zn enrichment. Modified hazard quotient (MHQ) point to a high level of pollution and toxic effects for Ni and Cr; significant pollution and toxic effects for As and Hg, and moderate pollution and toxic effects for Pb, Zn, Cu. According to the ecological contamination index (ECI), the inner gulf is significantly-highly polluted. Toxic risk index (TRI) and potantial ecological risk index (PERI) are also consistent with these data. According to the ECI, the inner gulf is significantly/highly polluted. TRI and the PERI are also consistent with these data. Cd has created a significant ecological risk in all seasons due to its high toxicity. Cu and Pb have caused moderate ecological risk in local areas near the port. A moderate potential ecological risk has been identified in all seasons throughout the inner gulf.

Shear Strength and Drainage Characteristics of Elastomeric Polyurethane Treated Coal-Fouled Ballast

The shear behavior and drainage characteristics of coal-fouled ballast when treated with elastomeric polyurethane are assessed by means of large-scale direct shear and permeability tests. The results from direct shear tests confirmed that the shear strength of both stabilized and unstabilized coal-fouled ballast was highly influenced by the extent of fouling (VCI: void contamination index). The performance index (PI) of elastomer-stabilized coal-fouled ballast (ESFB), determined as the fraction of shear strength of fouled ballast to the shear strength of fresh and unstabilized ballast, lies in the range of 1.23 to 0.84. Moreover, the performance of ESFB having VCI ≥30% was found to be either similar to or poorer than that of clean ballast without any treatment, thus indicating that the elastomer treatment may be provided only to ballast with VCI ≤30%. The results from constant head permeability tests indicate that the hydraulic conductivity of ballast ( k) is highly influenced by the presence of fouling materials but is only slightly reduced as a result of the elastomer stabilization. The k of ballast decreased from 43 to 0.18 mm/s as the VCI increased from 0 to 75%. For VCI ≥ 45% the k of ballast was found to be lower than that recommended for sub-ballast. On the other hand, the k of ballast reduced slightly from 43 to 37 mm/s because of the elastomer stabilization. Furthermore, an empirical relationship is established between k and e to determine the k of both stabilized and unstabilized fouled ballast.

Spatial distribution of trace elements in surface sediments of Hooghly (Ganges) river estuary in West Bengal, India

The spatial distribution of trace elements in surface sediments of the Hooghly estuary was studied over the monsoons in 2014–2017. As, Cd, Ni, Pb and U were two- to sixteen-fold the crust means with increasing levels toward the estuary, with Ni peak during the post-monsoon. Pearson’s correlation matrix, cluster analysis, enrichment factors and pollution index revealed the anthropic source and association of trace elements with Fe, Mn and Al and of Pb with U. Geoaccumulation index revealed for Ni an extremely contaminated situation at the estuary water during monsoon and for Cd a heavily contaminated situation at freshwater location. The potential contamination index was >6; thus, sediments were very severely contaminated by As, Cd and Ni with worst situation for As and Cd at fresh and brackish water and during post-monsoon. The overall ecological risk was severe, 300≤RI<600 at all sites and seasons, especially after the monsoon, at fluvial and brackish locations.

Micro and Macroelements in Honey and Atmospheric Pollution (NW and Central Poland)

Urban vegetation is generally exposed to high levels of air pollution in airborne particles, with the greatest exposure in the EU being seen in Poland. With the continuing growth of urban populations, there is a need to confirm whether honey produced from urban areas is of similar high quality to that from rural areas. A total of 27 honey samples were collected from urban and rural apiaries and tested for the concentrations of 19 elements by ICP-OES. The results were compared with data on honey produced in old and new EU countries (metadata). Our evaluation used a novel approach to determine threshold values in the identification of the bioproduct contamination index. The analysed urban honey samples demonstrated higher concentrations of K, Sr, Ba, Ni, and Co, and lower levels of Mn and B than rural honey samples. Contamination by PM10 particles and the toxic elements contained in them proved to be a poor predictor of the content of these elements in honey, in contrast to the effect of atmospheric pollution measured during firework shows, which demonstrated higher concentrations of Ba, Pb, Ca, Cu, and Mg. The non-carcinogenic risk assessment indicated that the analysed honey samples are of good quality and are comparable or of even better quality than honey products from other EU countries.

Kajian Pengendalian Pencemaran Air Laut Berdasarkan Partisipasi Masyarakat di Kawasan Pesisir Pantai Santolo Kecamatan Cikelet Kabupaten Garut

The coastal zone’s Santolo Beach is a place for traditional fishers that would be a great tourist destination. It also were the areas as a dock (port) fishermen’s activities for a vessel or boat is in that area. Based on RT and RW Kabupaten Garut 2011 -2031 south of Garut area set down as tourism area, and Pantai Santolo is one of them. How ever condition of Pantai Santolo is full of waste. This condition is disturbing visualization and affect to quality of that environment. This study using a model contamination index (IP) analysis by using the measurement result the quality of coastal waters of Santolo Beach. Based on the analysis using the model, the result is that coastal waters Santolo classified as a middle unclean coast. The research also informed with information obtained using questionnaire for local and tourist respondents. Based on the results of questionnaire the level of public participation of pollution contros strateggy in coastal’s Santolo Beach is in the informing step. Pollution control strategy needs invovlvement of several parties which is government, government on that area, and also the peoples for established a productive and suistanable coastal zone. Abstrak. Kawasan Pantai Santolo merupakan berkumpulnya nelayan tradisional yang akan dikembangkan menjadi daerah tujuan wisata yang indah. Pantai Santolo juga merupakan daerah untuk kegiatan nelayan sebagai dermaga (pelabuhan) kapal ikan atau perahu. Berdasarkan RT dan RW Kabupaten Garut 2011 –2031 kawasan Garut Selatan di tetapkan sebagai kawasan peruntukkan pariwisata, salah satunya adalah Pantai Santolo yang terdapat di Kecamatan Cikelet Kabupaten Garut. Namun kondisi di area Pantai Santolo dipenuhi dengan sampah. Kondisi ini sangat mengganggu visualisasi dan juga mempengaruhi kualitas lingkungan. Kurangnya kesadaran masyarakat akan pentingnya menjaga kelestarian lingkungan masih sangat kurang. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis dengan model Indeks Pencemaran (IP) dengan menggunakan hasil pengukuran kualitas perairan Pantai Santolo. Berdasarkan hasil analisis dengan menggunakan model tersebut, didapatkan hasil bahwa perairan Pantai Santolo diklasifikasikan sebagai pantai yang cemar sedang. Penelitian ini juga didasari dengan informasi yang didapat menggunakan kuisioner dengan target responden penduduk setempat dan wisatawan. Berdasarkan hasil kuisioner didapatkan informasi bahwa tingkat partisipasi masyarakat terhadap penyusunan strategi pengendalian pencemaran kawasan pesisir berada pada tahapan memberikan informasi. Pengendalian pencemaran perlu adanya keterlibatan beberapa pihak, yaitu pihak pemerintah, aparat desa, serta masyarakat demi terciptanya kawasan pesisir yang produktif dan berkelanjutan.