Protein stability and functional activity during nebulization: A comparative study of three nebulizer!

Delivery of therapeutics protein to the lung offers effective treatments of lungs disease. Efficacy of delivered therapeutics molecules depends on integrity and stability of protein during nebulization. In this study, we compared three nebulizers: compressed air nebulizer (CAN), ultrasonic nebulizer (USN) and mesh nebulizer (MAN) to deliver aerosol dose, stability and functional activity of a model protein lysozyme. Lysozyme/BSA delivered dose assessed by indirect and direct method. It was shown CAN deliver 0.142±0.027 to 0.632± 0.09 ml of protein, USN deliver 0.511±0.119 to 1.688±0.173 ml and MAN deliver 0.238±0.006 to 0.731±0.013 ml of protein in the same time. Integrity of nebulized proteins were assessed by gel electrophoresis and circular diochorism. It was found integrity of lysozyme compromised in all three nebulizer maximum in CAN and minimum with MAN. The functional activity of protein was assessed after nebulization by turbidometry assay. The functional activity was compromised by all three nebulizer upto some extent. In conclusion, nebulization compromise protein stability: this impact depend on nebulization techniques as well as nature of protein. The CAN deliver protein more precisely in small amount in comparison to the other nebulizer.Abstract FigureGraphical Abstract

Study and Prepared of CuS Thin Films by Ultrasonic Nebulizer Method

Thin Film of copper sulfide with different thickness (100, 200 and 300) nm have been prepared on pre-heated glass substrates up to (330oC) by Ultrasonic Nebulizer Deposition (UND). The effect of thickness on the structural, optical, and electrical properties of films has been investigated. The results of the XRD show that the film which deposited with thickness CuS phase with (103) orientation. Atomic force measurement showed the grain size increase with thickness in the range of (76.91-101.32 nm). The optical properties of the films have been studied over a wavelength (370-1100)nm. The calculated optical energy band gap values were between 2.55 and 2.62eV, depending on the film thickness and in which phase crystallized. The effect of thickness on the electric properties the films have a positive Hall coefficient (p-type), the hall effect increases as thickness increase this due to inversely depend RH on carrier concentration.

Ethanol-Sensing Characteristics of Tin Oxide (SnO2) Nano-Particle Thin Films Deposited Using Ultrasonic Nebulizer

Tin oxide (SnO2 ) nano particle thin film has been deposited by spray pyrolysis technique using ultrasonic nebulizer of chloride solution (SnCl2.2H2O) over the glass substrate. An aqueous chloride solution was converted into a mist form of vapor using ultrasonic nebulizer and deposited over the heated substrate at temperature 300 ± 100C. The XRD and SEM result shows a regular, smooth, excellent morphology and also found polycrystalline in nature which is also evident in XRD analysis. The average grain size of SnO2 particles were found to be in the range of 25 nm to 35 nm depending on the allowed concentration of chloride solution which is calculated from XRD plot using Debye - Sherror formula. The average thickness of the as prepared film was measured of the order of 120 nm. The optical transmittance properties of the SnO2 thin films have been also measured. The films exhibited an average transmittance value of 93% in recorded range of wavelength. Finally the ethanol gas sensing properties of the thin film (0.1 M concentration) was performed and discussed in detail.