Overview of the concept of human rights in the Muslim world

Problem setting. Islam is the youngest Abrahamic religion in the world. Its beginning was laid in the first half of the VII century AD on the territory of the Arabian Peninsula. The Islamic world is a unique regional phenomenon that causes many people to have different and in some cases even opposing views. The issue of human rights in the Islamic world is also much debated. Every day we receive information about the systematic violation of the honor and dignity of a certain category of the population (women, children) in the region. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The article uses the works of well-known experts in the field of Sharia and legal systems of Muslim countries such as: Syukiyaynen L. R., Abdullah ibn Abd al-Mukhsin at-Turki, Zhdanov N. V., Abashidze A. Kh., Abdul Aziiz Olaemi and others. Special attention is paid to the concepts of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation. Target of research. The objective of this work is a general overview of the concept of human rights in the Islamic world. Article`s main body. Analyzed the issues of human rights in different countries where Sharia has a significant impact on their systems of law, namely: Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Iran. The article notes that despite the significant impact of Sharia law on the legal systems of the above countries, certain human rights standards differ between them. Also, the article reveals the first practice of codifying human rights in muslim insight - the General Islamic Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the non-governmental organization Islamic Council in Europe. The Organization of Islamic Cooperation (until 2012 - the Organization of the Islamic Conference) (hereinafter - OIC) - is an international intergovernmental organization whose members are representatives of the Muslim world. Thus, the explored activity of the international intergovernmental organization in the field of human rights, namely the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, which unites all Muslim countries of the world and in its activities is guided by the principles of Sharia. The study of the activities of this organization in the field of human rights contains an analysis of sectoral acts (for example, the Dhaka and Cairo Declarations), a study of the activities of bodies of special (Independent Permanent Commission on Human Rights) and general (Islamic Summit) competencies and other issues that relate to the mechanism of promoting and protecting human rights. Conclusions and prospects for the development. The authors came to the conclusion that the concept of human rights in the Islamic world is quite heterogeneous, even in comparison between countries where Sharia is dominant. The authors note the special role of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation as a leading basis in the Islamic doctrine of human rights, as this organization unites all Muslim countries into one monolithic bloc, which leads to the formation of a single Muslim autonomous will, which includes all national doctrines and approaches.

The Limits of Bipolarity in the Golden Age of Modernization

This chapter addresses the differentiated priorities in the West and East as they emerged during the institutionalization of development structures and procedures. In the 1950s, with the Soviet Union and its allies entering the development business, aid became a full-fledged weapon in the Cold War arsenal. Development plans extolled the virtues of modernity and modernity was conceived in the singular: there were several ways to solve the same problem, and experts had differentiated approaches, but they did not diverge drastically. With the entry of the Soviet Union as a potential donor rather than a distant model, development turned competitive. Models were now pitted against one another in a competition about effectiveness and symbolic strength. Technology was not neutral anymore. Machinery and dams were products of a culture, and the choice of technology implied a choice of social organization, labor relations, and structures of production: it was a political choice. Countries had to take sides in the Cold War, because the decision was a final and irreversible one between irreconcilable proposals. The chapter then focuses on the organs charged with coordinating aid: the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the Permanent Commission for Technical Assistance of Comecon.

Fidelidad, fueros y negociación Las Cortes de Sangüesa en la defensa de la Corona de Aragón (1705) = Fidelidad, fueros y negociación. Las Cortes de Sangüesa en la defensa de la Corona de Aragón (1705) = Loyalty, Fueros and Negotiation. The Cortes of Sangüesa in the Defense of the Crown of Aragon (1705)

En el verano de 1705, España se encontraba al borde de una guerra civil. La Monarquía Hispánica, en previsión a un desembarco Aliado en Cataluña, se vio obligada a desviar recursos al frente mediterráneo. Felipe V necesitaba tropas, y convocó Cortes en Navarra. Navarra era un territorio leal, pero que mantenía sus propias instituciones políticas –las Cortes y la Diputación–, y su propio sistema fiscal y jurídico –el Fuero General–. Estas particularidades habían mantenido a Navarra al margen de la costosa política exterior de los Habsburgo. Ahora, sin embargo, la situación había cambiado, y la Monarquía tenía que negociar con las Cortes un servicio, en forma de regimientos. AbstractIn the summer of 1705, Spain was about to face civil war. In the eventuality of an Allied landing in Catalonia, the Crown was forced to divert resources to the Mediterranean front. Philip V needed troops, and he called the three estates of Navarre for Cortes. Navarre was a loyal territory, but it had its own political institutions –the Cortes and its permanent commission, the Diputación– and its own tax and juridical system –the Fuero General–. These particularities kept Navarre out of the gruelling Habsburg foreign policy. However, the situation was now different, and the Monarchy had to negotiate with the Cortes a servicio, in the form of regiments.

The field of state expertise

This chapter focuses on the role of state expertise and public commissions, which are dominated by senior civil servants and state-close policy experts, in the elaboration of policy analysis-based reform proposals. Two kinds of organisations are taken into account: permanent commissions or institutes and ad hoc commissions created for the purpose of a specific reform in a particular context. Until the 1990s, the Commissariat General au Plan was the main permanent commission that produced policy analysis and reform proposals aimed at long-term goals. Over the last 20 years, new, more specialized councils or commissions have been created in order to promote structural analysis and change in different policy fields. This is especially the case for social policies. Since the late 1990s, governments have created new institutions charged with deliberating assessments of and possible reform orientations for pensions, healthcare, family policy and care for example. The aim of this chapter is to analyze this shift in governance structure within the French welfare system and the new role played by these conseils.

Development of Terminology in Gearing and Power Transmissions. Part 1. Development of the Gearing Terminology by IFToMM Permanent Commission Standardization of Terminology on TMM

Рассматриваются проблемы развития терминологии в области зубчатых передач и трансмиссий. С привлечением широкого круга информационных источников (международные и национальные стандарты, справочники; словари по механике, машиностроению, теории механизмов и машин, международные трансляторы, сборники рекомендуемых терминов и др.) излагаются и анализируются подходы и этапы: (а) становления и развития терминологии по зубчатым передачам: в рамках деятельности Постоянной комиссии Международной федерации по содействию развитию науки о механизмах и машинах (IFToMM) «Стандартизация терминологии по ТММ» (РС А); (б) сбор и анализ информации, компоновка структуры; периодическое, по мере накопления терминологического материала, обновление содержания словаря-справочника по зубчатым передачам; (в) идентификация, классификация и описание видов повреждений зубчатых колес в процессе разработки Межгосударственного стандарта по видам повреждений зубчатых колес. Анализируется процесс поэтапной разработки терминологии по ТММ Постоянной комиссией IFToMM PC A, начиная с момента ее образования (1969 г.) по настоящее время (2016 г.), с акцентом на разработку терминологии по зубчатым передачам. Показан механизм подготовки, корректировки и систематического обновления, а также редактирования терминологических текстов языковыми редакторами. Приводится информация о разработке и пользовании электронным словарем IFToMM. Обсуждается применение нового онлайн-редактора терминологического словаря IFToMM - Thesaurus Editor (Thedi), встроенного в электронную библиотеку Digital Mechanism and Gear - Library (DMG-Lib). Указанный текстовый редактор предназначен для использования Постоянной комиссией IFToMM по стандартизации терминологии, позволяя более эффективно работать с терминологическим словарем IFToMM с использованием, наряду с официальными языками IFToMM, других языков.

La nueva regulación legislativa de la Comisión Permanente del Consejo General del Poder Judicial: ¿reforma legal o mutación constitucional?

LABURPENA: Lan honetan Botere Judizialaren Kontseilu Nagusiko Batzorde Iraunkorraren legegintzako konfigurazio berria aztertzen da. Hobeto kokatzearren, lehenik eta behin aplikatzekoa den konstituzio-esparrua aztertuko da, eta Zuzenbide konparatuaren panoramika bat marraztuko da gero. Ondoren, 4/2013 Lege organikoak Botere Judizialaren Lege Organikoan sartu dituen funtsezko berritasunak azalduko dira (osaketa, batzordekideen estatutua eta Batzorde Iraunkorraren eginkizunak) eta, lanaren ondorio modura, azken gogoeta batzuk egingo dira legeriaren aldaketa hauen inguruan eta Konstituzioan beroriek izan dezaketen doiketaz. RESUMEN: Se analiza en este trabajo la nueva configuración legislativa de la Comisión Permanente del Consejo General del Poder Judicial. Para su mejor encuadramiento, se examinará en primer lugar el marco constitucional aplicable, y se trazará una panorámica del Derecho comparado. A continuación, se expondrán las novedades esenciales (composición, estatuto de sus miembros y funciones de la Comisión Permanente), introducidas en la Ley Orgánica del Poder Judicial por la Ley orgánica 4/2013, y se efectuarán, a modo de conclusión, algunas reflexiones finales en torno a estas modificaciones legislativas y su encaje constitucional. ABSTRACT : This paper analyzes the new legislative configuration of the Permanent Commission of the Spanish General Council of the Judiciary. For a better understanding, it first deals with the existing constitutional framework and makes next an overview of the applicable comparative law. It surveys then the essential amendments introduced in the Spanish Organic Act of the Judiciary by the Organic Act 4/2013, and concludes with some thoughts on the constitutional insertion of these legislative changes.