Prediction Of Carcass Lean Content In Live Pigs Using Scanoprobe Ultrasonic Machine

A total of 40 entire males within 60kg weight range from Large White control and selected crossbred improved indigenous pigs were used to study relationships between live and carcass measurements using the Scanoprobe ultrasonic machine. Within this live weight range the fat depths (P1, P2 and P3)and muscle measurements (MP2 and MLA) were more variable in the crossbreds than the purebred exotics although the carcass lean content, 365g/kg and 395g/kg for the purebred and crossbreds respectively were not significantly different. The fat depths, using the ultrasonic machine was a little lower than the actual values: 15.1 as against 16.6mm for P1 and 15.05 against 16.3mm for P2 with a residual standard deviation of 2.56 and 3.25mm respectively. Whilst the MLA gave values of 2886mm2 for ultrasonics as against 3025mm2 for carcass measurement with S.D. of 357 and 328mm2 respectively. Relative to the different fat depths measurements, the regression of carcass lean on P1 was -3.90±1.716 whilst at P2 and P3 it was -2.94±0.949 and -3.41±0.810gms respectively, resulting in a prediction equation for lean content of 57.85 - 0.751 P2 gm.

Computer-Aided Design of Bezier Horns Using Finite Element Analysis for Rotary Ultrasonic Machine

In this paper, a finite element analysis (FEA) has been used for the design of horn with different Bezier profiles for rotary ultrasonic machine (RUM). First, for validation, the results are compared with available literature. FEA-based MATLAB code is developed for finding the stress components, axial amplitude, and resonance frequency over the domain of horn with different Bezier profiles. In domain of horn with different Bezier profiles, the component of stresses is studied and found that the stress generated is within the endurance strength of the selected material. The amplification of the proposed horns is 24%, and 18% higher than the traditional linear Bezier horn with same length and diameters of surface end. For RUM, effect of inertia (self-weight or gravity of horn) on domain has been studied for horn with different Bezier profiles using FEA. The effect of tool shape and size on the stress distribution for horn have also been studied.

Microsecond time-resolved X-ray diffraction for the investigation of fatigue behavior during ultrasonic fatigue loading

A new method based on time-resolved X-ray diffraction is proposed in order to measure the elastic strain and stress during ultrasonic fatigue loading experiments. Pure Cu was chosen as an example material for the experiments using a 20 kHz ultrasonic fatigue machine mounted on the six-circle diffractometer available at the DiffAbs beamline on the SOLEIL synchrotron facility in France. A two-dimensional hybrid pixel X-ray detector (XPAD3.2) was triggered by the strain gage signal in a synchronous data acquisition scheme (pump–probe-like). The method enables studying loading cycles with a period of 50 µs, achieving a temporal resolution of 1 µs. This allows a precise reconstruction of the diffraction patterns during the loading cycles. From the diffraction patterns, the position of the peaks, their shifts and their respective broadening can be deduced. The diffraction peak shift allows the elastic lattice strain to be estimated with a resolution of ∼10−5. Stress is calculated by the self-consistent scale-transition model through which the elastic response of the material is estimated. The amplitudes of the cyclic stresses range from 40 to 120 MPa and vary linearly with respect to the displacement applied by the ultrasonic machine. Moreover, the experimental results highlight an increase of the diffraction peak broadening with the number of applied cycles.

Effect of Frequency to Ultrasonic Vibration-Assisted Wire-EDM

Wire electrical discharge machine (WEDM) is non-conventional machining process. It can be used for hard cutting material. The study has been presented the combining WEDM with an ultrasonic machine (USM) with brass and tungsten were used as a wire electrode and workpiece respectively. The experiment was carried out with an ultrasonic transducer at 40, 80 kHz. The results were observed with the material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (Ra). This research introduced the method of USM setup and described the effected of vibration with the wire electrode on the displacement of amplitude. The result shows that the WEDM process with USM at 40 kHz can be more improved with the material removal rate and surface roughness than that of USM at 80 kHz. This can be explained that higher frequency affected to vibration displacement which makes lower amplitude.

New Injection Moulding Techniques for Automotive Aluminium-Based Foams - Part I

The raw material to be compacted by moulding is represented by aluminium alloy (ALUMIX 321) powder particles as metallic matrix and carbamide as foaming agent. The raw material to be injected is represented by the mixture (feedstock) between the wax-based binder system (40-60% mass) and the aluminium alloy (ALUMIX 321) powder particles (balance). The binder system is made of paraffin wax and stearic acid. The foaming effect is generated by addition of carbamide as foaming agent. Both categories of raw samples were washed in the ultrasonic machine and the aim of research was to study the physical properties and the macroscopic analysis of this materials.

Design and Development of Sonotrode for Ultrasonic Drilling

The design of tooling for ultrasonic machine is critical for every application. For the proper concentration of energy across the workpiece during ultrasonic machining, geometry of sonotrode plays important role. The entire ultrasonic assembly has to be tuned to the same frequency for transfer of maximum energy. If the natural or resonant frequency of the components in the ultrasonic assembly are different, it would set up vibrations of different frequencies leading to energy loss and even damage to certain components by fatigue at the interface surfaces. The issues involved in sonotrode design are material, shape, frequency, resonant length and gain. Proper design of sonotrode is essential to bridge the gap between the booster and the work surface and amplify the vibration amplitude to a value required for successful machining. The separate design of tool which can be assembled at the end of the sonotrode leads to acoustic coupling problems at that interface and separate design of sonotrode and tool and individual testing for successful tuning on the machine. It increases the possibility of failure also. For these reasons, the integrated design of sonotrode with tool being formed at the bottom end of sonotrode is preferred. The tool edge is so designed that only the periphery of the hole is to be cut to obtain through drilling. This reduces the amount of material to be removed and the machining time. The manual design procedure would require solving a second order partial differential equation with the boundary conditions applicable to the machine and the gain required. This paper discusses design of conical, exponential and step-cylindrical horn for ultrasonic machining. First the dimensions are obtained through commercial sonotrode design software CARD (Computer Aided Resonator Design). The software uses the finite difference theory for discretising the sonotrode along the length and iteratively finds the length for resonance condition with gain close to the required amplification provided by the user. It also gives the nodal point, anti-nodal point, stress variation and amplitude variation along the axis of the sonotrode over the entire length. End diameter and resonant length calculated from CARD are supplied to ANSYS to perform modal analysis. A good agreement is observed between the results obtained using CARD software and ANSYS. Based on this design, actual horn of the conical design is manufactured and tested on the machine for resonant frequency and the results are found to be close to those observed from CARD and ANSYS both.