ELEMENTS OF AN OBLIGATION TO CAUSE HARM (IN THE AREA OF MEDICAL CARE OR MEDICAL SERVICES)

The article discusses the elements of the obligation of harm, such as unlawful behavior that entailed the harm; the harm done; a causal relationship between unlawful behavior and harm; the fault of the person who caused the harm. These elements are analyzed not only in general, but also specifically in the field of medical care or medical services. The essence of the indicated categories is revealed and their interpretation is analyzed. The forms of abuse of the right in the field of medical care or medical services are considered. Attention is also paid to the consideration of civil liability without fault

Liability Without Fault Dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa Lingkungan Hidup Di Indonesia

Pertanggungjawaban tanpa kesalahan (liability without fault) atau yang lebih dikenal dengan istilah strict liability, telah dirumuskan dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Lingkungan Hidup. Banyak cara mempersoalkan kasus-kasus lingkungan, salah satunya mengajukan gugatan pertanggungjawaban kepada perusahaan yang menyebabkan polusi atau kerusakan lingkungan. Dalam ranah hukum lingkungan, gugatan ini dikenal dengan tanggung jawab mutlak perusahaan yang mengakibatkan kerusakan lingkungan. Artikel ini akan menjawab dua persoalan atau pertanyaan riset, pertama apa makna Pertanggungjawaban tanpa kesalahan?, dan bagaimana mekanisme Pertanggungjawaban tanpa kesalahan dalam sengketa lingkungan hidup menurut Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah penelitian hukum normatif. Disimpulkan bahwa Liability without fault, penyelesaian sengketa lingkungan hidup unsur kesalahan tidak perlu dibuktikan oleh pihak penggugat sebagai dasar pembayaran ganti rugi. Mekanisme pertanggungjawaban tanpa kesalahan dalam sengketa lingkungan hidup menurut Undang-undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009, dalam petitum tidak perlu mencantumkan bahwa Tergugat telah terbukti melanggar hukum. Hakim tidak perlu mencari bukti dan dalil pelanggaran hukum.

X. Modelle objektiver Haftung im Deliktsrecht: Das schwerwiegende Erbe des römischen Rechts

Forms of strict liability in the law of delicts: The heavy legacy of Roman law. In Roman law there are two forms of delictual strict liability - i.e. liability for damages, regardless of the participation of the liable person to the harmful act. According to the first model, the pater familias / dominus is liable, because he is the only one in the family who can pay compensation. The second model is instead based on a reference to culpa in eligendo or in vigilando, and the strict liability is justified by the need to ensure an absolute protection of the injured person. The civilian tradition has built its theory of strict liability on this second model, speaking of culpa in vigilando or in eligendo even when - after the distinction between iniuria and culpa was introduced by Chr. Thomasius - strict liability was conceived as liability without fault. This has led to a gap, in the European civil codes, between the dogmatic construction of vicarious liability as subjective, because based on culpa, and its actual nature of objective liability, regardless of fault.