PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE: PRAGMATIC PRESUPPOSITION IN MOTIVATIONAL SPEECH WITHIN DISCOURSE AND ITS RELEVANCE OF MOTIVATION IN TEACHING LEARNING PROCESS TO REACH GOALS

This research was taken from online media in the form of a speech on a YouTube channel called the English Speeches Channel featuring an inspiring woman named Muniba Mazari Baloch. She is a Pakistani artist, model, activist, motivational speaker, singer, social reformer, and television host. Her motivational speech is titled we all are Perfectly Imperfect. This research accompaniment three research questions by analyzing the types of presuppositions contained in Muniba Mazari's speech and determining the type of presupposition in his speech that comes up with the confession discourse function, then knowing how far her confessions influences her audiencess through what he delivers. The research method used in this research is descriptive qualitative by analyzing several utterances in her speech, through two approaches of theory pragmatic presupposition and confessional discourse analysis. The results showed that Muniba Mazari used all types of pragmatic presuppositions (Existential, Factive, Non-Factive, Lexical, Structural, and Counterfactual). Through this type of presupposition, Muniba Mazari also brings out the function of confessional discourse. The function of confessional discourse contained in her speech is a therapeutic, didactic, and interrogatory function. During the research, researchers found the main threat from the combination of these two theories is the strength of Motivational Assertion. The main threat that became the main idea as the direction of Muniba Mazari's speech in motivating her audiences. Then, this main thread also asserts how powerful Muniba Mazari's speech was. In this context, the results bring about optimism, achievable objectives, passion, and confidence. Finally, Muniba Mazari's speech entitled We Are Perfectly Imperfect which contains many moral messages can be said to be a motivational speech. It can be manifested in learning-teaching process. The result of combining these two theories produces the main thread that can be applied by several teachers in motivating their students in the learning-teaching process.

On Irony in Pride and Prejudice from the Perspective of Pragmatic Presupposition

Presupposition, as a pragmatic concept, plays an important role in discourse construction. Pragmatic presupposition works inside and outside ironic discourse to help maintain cohesion and coherence as well as direction and integrity of it. This paper presents pragmatic analyses on irony selected from Pride and Prejudice with different functions of presuppositions from social standards, collusive agreement, physical situation, and previous circumstances, and hopes to provide a different way of theorizing irony and ironic discourse.

PHILOSOPHY, LOGIC AND PRAGMATIC PRESUPPOSITION

Presupposition has long history in philosophy of language and linguistic semantics. Recent works in linguistics have given a central place to the notion of presupposition. It is studied as an essential aspect in providing semantic as well as pragmatic representations. Resultantly, presupposition has obtained a significant place in linguists, logicians and philosophers spheres of interest. It has been studied as a kind of unspoken information that accompanies an utterance. Moreover, presuppositions perform a significant role in our understanding of how context and background determine proper interpretation of any utterance. They are studied as conditions which must be fulfilled for an expression to be interpreted meaningfully.

Pragmatic Presupposition in Interpersonal Communication—a Case Study of Lovers' Dialogue

Pragmatic presupposition is a common linguistic phenomenon in natural language. In real life, an increasing number of people begin to use pragmatic presupposition to carry out interpersonal communication, so as to make the expression richer and more accurate. However, while the appropriate use of pragmatic presupposition is related to the effectiveness of communication, many people cannot attach great importance to the significance of pragmatic presupposition and fail to understand its role in interpersonal communication. This paper takes pragmatic presupposition theory as the theoretical basis and lovers' dialogues as an example to analyze the application of pragmatic presupposition in a specific context with the aim of helping people fully understand pragmatic presupposition theory and promote the effect of interpersonal communication in specific contexts. Key Words: pragmatic presupposition, dialogue, boyfriend and girlfriend, interpersonal communication

Presupposition and Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language

In cooperative human communication, the speaker has to mark the connection between his utterance and therefore the given information, because the hearer interprets the utterance regarding the data that has already been obtained. Languages adopt various devices to mark the connection between the utterance and also the context. This paper investigates semantic and pragmatic presupposition in Discourse Representation Theory (DRT) within the Chinese language and enhances the pragmatic perspective of presupposition in DRT.

Analysis of Presupposition in Cosmetics Advertisements

Pragmatic presupposition focuses on the study of the relationship between the speaker and the hearer at the time of communication and the language they used. It can effectively serve advertising language from the linguistic field. In other words, pragmatic presupposition can meet some of the requirements of the advertisements. Nowadays people confront a variety of commercial advertisements, such as food advertisements, drink advertisements, digital product and cosmetic advertisements, etc. In fact, advertising language is the core factor which determines the success or failure of one commercial advertisement. Most domestic and overseas scholars have studied advertising language through cooperative principles，rhetoric and systemic-functional grammar, etc. However, they do not pay enough attention to the pragmatic presupposition manifested in both Chinese and English cosmetic advertisements. Therefore, this paper conducts a comparative study based on previous studies of pragmatic presupposition with new data. The data analyzed in this study are taken from some major fashion magazines in America, United Kingdom and China, such as VOGUE, Cosmopolitan，Trends health，etc. These cosmetic advertisements were advertised in the recent 20 years. Through the analysis, it is found that there is no significant difference between Chinese and English cosmetic advertisements in terms of types of pragmatic presupposition manifested. Both Chinese and English advertisers mainly adopt four types of pragmatic presupposition: existential presupposition, factive presupposition, state presupposition and behavior presupposition, and state presupposition takes up the largest proportion. The present study provides a more comprehensive analysis of pragmatic presupposition and classification of it. In addition, the results of this study also could help advertisers and consumers increase their mutual understanding.

Addressee factor in Text of the Official Document (Decrees of Governor of Tula Region, Issued in Connection with the Spread of Covid-2019)

The issue of taking into account the addressee factor in the text of an official document is considered. The controversial nature of this issue and the topicality of the material determined the relevance of the study. It is proved that the originality of the texts of decrees is defined by two oppositely directed tendencies. On the one hand, it is stated that the addressee factor is taken into account due to the performative nature of the legislator’s speech. It is noted that his speech activity is based primarily on prohibitions and restrictions; permissions are exceptions to the prohibition; the requirements are reduced to the obligations of the addressee and the instructions to him. It was revealed that the implicit meanings of the text become clear taking into account the pragmatic presupposition “what is appropriate is good”. It was established that the implicit assessment is formed under the influence of the addressee factor: the preambles of decrees are estimated, the temporal characteristics of the statements are detailed. It is shown that when constructing texts, the focus on the addressee becomes obvious due to the structural-rubric allocation and grouping of information. It is emphasized that the genre canons are being blurred due to the desire of the legislator for convincing reasoning of decisions. On the other hand, the analysis of texts in dynamics revealed that the historically established system of changing documents is not focused on the addressee. It is concluded that the complexity of the presentation of information or its vagueness testifies to the stereotypes of the legislator’s speech behavior.

An Analysis of Pragmatic Presupposition in Maturity Episode on Golden Ways Show

Pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by speaker or writer and interpreted by a listener or a reader. It has consequently more to do with the analysis of what people mean by their utterances. Describing the types of presupposition by the utterances in a talk show named Golden Ways is the objective of this research. The subject of this research is a talk show entitled maturity. The data are some utterances said by the speaker and heard by the hearer. Utterances between the host and the audiences from this show can show the presupposition. The writer analyzed the types of presupposition by Yule’s theory (1996) to find out what types are often used in this talk show. The data analysis is conducted by classifying and categorizing the data to find the inferences. The writer uses a descriptive method because it describes the presupposition in the talk show and it was suitable to the purpose of the study. As Monsen stated (2008: 5) the descriptive research often illustrates a relevant but non quantified topic involving a well-focused research question. It generates narrative data that describe words instead of numbers. The writer has found all six types of presupposition which applied in this talk show. This research shows that presupposition always exist in utterances.

Suggestive Phrases in the German Industrial Advertising Text (Based on the Material of Mining Equipment Advertising)

The present research featured German texts of mining equipment advertising, namely phrases with suggestive pragmasemantic potential. The research objective was to reveal the semantic characteristics of these language units. The article classifies and describes various pragmasemantic types of suggestive phrases using methods of componential, morphological, and syntactic analyses. The function of suggestion in mining equipment advertising proved to be of specific nature, as it has to oppose the conscious desire of a technical specialist to purchase effective and profitable equipment. The suggestion function in these texts belonged to words and phrases that created a positive image of the advertising object and suggestively described its usefulness to the consumer. A significant proportion of phrases contained the seme "safety", which could be explained by the following pragmatic presupposition: mining is highly dangerous; therefore, equipment should help to increase production safety. Such ergonomic characteristics of mining equipment as "controllability", "manufacturability", and "masterability" also depended on industrial safety. Most suggestive phrases appeared to have an adjective nuclear component, because German primarily uses adjectives to describe quality.

Textual Presupposition: An Intertextual Account

Whereas there has been ample research on presupposition, and different taxonomies have been put forward on the various types of presupposition, presupposition triggers, on the difference between entailment and presupposition, and on the dichotomy semantic presupposition/pragmatic presupposition, the interrelationship between presupposition and intertextuality has not received due attention. In some philosophical and linguistic accounts, the presupposition is preserved as a meaning-based notion and thereby accounted for in non -intertextual way where only propositions that are accepted and taken for granted by speaker/ writer count. The present study argues for an intertextual account of presupposition, where the proposition is not the property of the speaker/writer per se; rather, the presupposed proposition is interpreted in terms of intertextual relations with previous texts. The aim of the present article was to find; changed to, what kind of knowledge text producers expect their audience to have to be able to process new texts; what kind of knowledge text producers presuppose in the creation of new texts; the conceptual status of presupposition when new information is conveyed; and how presuppositions obtain in the case of intertextuality. This has been accomplished by drawing on both notions: Presupposition and intertextuality to argue whereas the two notions have been kept separate in non-intertextual accounts on presupposed propositions, both notions work on the same level of drawing on the text, and therefore to argue for coining a new term textual presupposition.