Suspect and non-target screening: the last frontier in environmental analysis

Suspect and non-target screening (SNTS) techniques are arising as new analytical strategies useful to disentangle the environmental occurrence of the thousands of exogenous chemicals present in our ecosystems. The unbiased...

LIPID PEROXIDATION A PARAMETER LINKED TO OXIDATIVE STRESS AND PSORIASIS: A REVIEW

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease resulting in red silvery skin patches, increased dermal vascularity and keratinocyte hyper proliferation, particularly on extensor prominences and the scalp. There are some exogenous chemicals and endogenous sources which causes skin dysfunction due to the harmful generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Among them, the responsible exogenous chemicals are environmental toxins, chemotherapeutics, ionizing radiations, inflammatory cytokines, ultraviolet light, while the endogenous sources include cyt P-450, mitochondria, lipoxygenase, metabolic process, peroxisomes and various enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense mechanisms. It affects DNA, lipids and proteins, which are the cellular components of the skin. Modifications of plasma lipids, an expansion in the levels of biochemical markers of lipid peroxidation and subsequent inflammation suggest the interconnection between inflammation, oxidative damage and psoriasis. The review presents relevance of lipid peroxidation end products like malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4- hydoxynoneal (HNE) as markers of psoriasis that can be targeted for effective treatment, including biomarkers for inflammation, keratinocyte hyperproliferation, abnormal differentiation and oxidative stress.

Chemical carcinogens

The development of cancer associated with exposure to chemical carcinogens is a reality and existing knowledge of these cancers is based on epidemiological, in vivo, and in vitro studies. Chemical carcinogens are present virtually everywhere and humans can be exposed to these compounds in food, air, water, their environment, or their workplace. This chapter is concerned with the main types of exogenous chemical carcinogens, how they are classified and their modes of action, absorption, and metabolism, as well as the principal tests available for evaluating their carcinogenicity. Only exogenous chemicals are considered in this chapter, since exogenous chemical carcinogens may be the major contributors to human cancer.

Chemical carcinogens

The development of cancer associated with exposure to chemical carcinogens is a reality and existing knowledge of these cancers is based on epidemiological, in vivo, and in vitro studies. Chemical carcinogens are present virtually everywhere and humans can be exposed to these compounds in food, air, water, their environment, or their workplace. This chapter is concerned with the main types of exogenous chemical carcinogens, how they are classified and their modes of action, absorption, and metabolism, as well as the principal tests available for evaluating their carcinogenicity. Only exogenous chemicals are considered in this chapter, since exogenous chemical carcinogens may be the major contributors to human cancer.