Between-ear sound frequency disparity modulates a brain stem biomarker of binaural hearing

The auditory brain stem response (ABR) is an evoked potential that indexes a cascade of neural events elicited by sound. In the present study we evaluated the influence of sound frequency on a derived component of the ABR known as the binaural interaction component (BIC). Specifically, we evaluated the effect of acoustic interaural (between-ear) frequency mismatch on BIC amplitude. Goals were to 1) increase basic understanding of sound features that influence this long-studied auditory potential and 2) gain insight about the persistence of the BIC with interaural electrode mismatch in human users of bilateral cochlear implants, presently a limitation on the prospective utility of the BIC in audiological settings. Data were collected in an animal model that is audiometrically similar to humans, the chinchilla ( Chinchilla lanigera; 6 females). Frequency disparities and amplitudes of acoustic stimuli were varied over broad ranges, and associated variation of BIC amplitude was quantified. Subsequently, responses were simulated with the use of established models of the brain stem pathway thought to underlie the BIC. Collectively, the data demonstrate that at high sound intensities (≥85 dB SPL), the acoustically elicited BIC persisted with interaurally disparate stimulation (click frequencies ≥1.5 octaves apart). However, sharper tuning emerged at moderate sound intensities (65 dB SPL), with the largest BIC occurring for stimulus frequencies within ~0.8 octaves, equivalent to ±1 mm in cochlear place. Such responses were consistent with simulated responses of the presumed brain stem generator of the BIC, the lateral superior olive. The data suggest that leveraging focused electrical stimulation strategies could improve BIC-based bilateral cochlear implant fitting outcomes. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Traditional hearing tests evaluate each ear independently. Diagnosis and treatment of binaural hearing dysfunction remains a basic challenge for hearing clinicians. We demonstrate in an animal model that the prospective utility of a noninvasive electrophysiological signature of binaural function, the binaural interaction component (BIC), depends strongly on the intensity of auditory stimulation. Data suggest that more informative BIC measurements could be obtained with clinical protocols leveraging stimuli restricted in effective bandwidth.

Investigation on the effect of sonic stimulation onXanthomonas campestrisat the whole transcriptome level

A gram-negative bacteriumXanthomonas campestriswas subjected to sonic stimulation with sound pertaining to 1000 Hz at three different sound intensities. TheX. campestrisculture subjected to sonic stimulation at 66 dB produced 1.69 fold higher exopolysaccharide. Whole transcriptome analysis of this sonic-stimulated culture revealed a total of 115 genes expressed differentially in the sonic-stimulated culture, majority of which were coding for different proteins including enzyme. This study demonstrates the property of the test bacterium of being responsive to sonic/vibrational stimulation.