About the juvenile direction of criminal policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan: historical background and development issues

The article considers the paradigm of the Republic of Kazakhstans juvenile criminal policy, reveals its historical background and development problems. The article describes the features of the Biy judicial system in the Kazakh society up to the middle of the XVIII century. The article examines the characteristics of applying criminal punishment to juveniles after the accession of the Kazakh khanates to the Russian Empire in the XVIIIXIX centuries. The conclusion is made about the continuity of juvenile justice foundations in pre-revolutionary and post-revolutionary Russia and modern Kazakhstan. The article confirms the ineffectiveness of further lowering the age of criminal responsibility, as well as traditional punishments that provide for the deprivation or restriction of liberty of juveniles. The idea of re-socialization of juveniles who have served a criminal sentence and are released from it is defended. To re-socialize, it is recommended to expand the practice of alternative punishments without isolation from society related to labor impact and the introduction of probation with labor impact concerning juveniles in the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Labor Impact of SARS-COV-2 pandemic on Argentinian rheumatologists

The novel coronavirus SARS2-COV-2 has precipitated the present outbreak of COVID-19 and the worldwide spread has had a strong impact on the general population and on healthcare workers (1). The objective of the present study was to describe the current work conditions and the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on Argentinian rheumatologists.

Effects of COVID 19 on the labor impact on MSMEs in the leather-footwear sector. Particular case of sector suppliers

The objective of this research was to find the effects on the work of the MSMEs due to the COVID 19 pandemic. The case analyzed was a national footwear company and its suppliers were asked how it affected the company, in its employment as well as in their physical and emotional health due the pandemic issues caused by COVID 19. Four dimensions were analyzed based on the questionnaire issued by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) on the pandemic this 2020 year. Interesting data was found in the industry of the Leather-Footwear sector, such as the fact that most of the companies did have direct impact affectation, in addition to the fact that micro companies suffered an impact on salaries, layoffs, as well as the lack of attention to data of mental health that have been caused by the COVID 19 pandemic.

Smart Farming Technology Trends: Economic and Environmental Effects, Labor Impact, and Adoption Readiness

Farming faces challenges that increase the adverse effects on farms’ economics, labor, and the environment. Smart farming technologies (SFTs) are expected to assist in reverting this situation. In this work, 1064 SFTs were derived from scientific papers, research projects, and industrial products. They were classified by technology readiness level (TRL), typology, and field operation, and they were assessed for their economic, environmental, and labor impact, as well as their adoption readiness from end-users. It was shown that scientific articles dealt with SFTs of lower TRL than research projects. In scientific articles, researchers investigated mostly recording technologies, while, in research projects, they focused primarily on farm management information systems and robotic/automation systems. Scouting technologies were the main SFT type in scientific papers and research projects, but variable rate application technologies were mostly located in commercial products. In scientific papers, there was limited analysis of economic, environmental, and labor impact of the SFTs under investigation, while, in research projects, these impacts were studied thoroughly. Further, in commercial SFTs, the focus was on economic impact and less on labor and environmental issues. With respect to adoption readiness, it was found that all of the factors to facilitate SFT adoption became more positive moving from SFTs in scientific papers to fully functional commercial SFTs, indicating that SFTs reach the market when most of these factors are addressed for the benefit of the farmers. This SFT analysis is expected to inform researchers on adapting their research, as well as help policy-makers adjust their strategy toward digitized agriculture adoption and farmers with the current situation and future trends of SFTs.

STUDY OF REFRACTION CHANGES DURING PREGNANCY AND AFTER CHILDBIRTH IN PREGNANT WOMEN

Although ocular conditions are commonly encountered in pregnancy, their management in pregnancy and during labor is still debate. Our review synthesizes the existing evidence on pregnancy and labor impact on visual outcome in myopic patients. We aimed to evaluate the changes in ocular physiology during pregnancy, the characteristics of myopia in pregnant population.