The Place of Budget Expenditures in System of Financial Law

The article is devoted to the determination of place of the norms regulating budgetary costs of the system of financial law, which has important theoretical and practical significant. The author emphasizes the need for a systematic approach in addressing the issue of the construction of an effective mechanism for legal regulation of budget expenditures. Various points of view on the place of institute of budget expenditures in the system of financial law, expressed in the Soviet and modern science of financial law, are analyzed. It is proposed to include the state and municipal revenues, state and municipal expenditures, state and municipal loans in the special part of the financial law. Budget Law is considered as a complex sub-sector of financial law. The article concludes that the norms regulating the budgetary costs are included in the sub-sector of financial law “state and local expenditures” as also are the part of the complex sub-sector of financial law “budget law”.

Assessing the impact Of city manager ideology On local expenditures

This research explores the role of political ideology in local policy formation by assessing the impact of the city manager's ideology on local expenditures. While previous studies have identified nuanced and overlapping roles between administration and politics, here we extend those investigations by positing that ideology may influence a manager's role in the policy formation of the budget. Although some conceptualizations of city managers assume them to be largely apolitical in a partisan sense, we find a significant effect of ideology on local expenditures among city managers. This adds to the literature that suggests that city managers may not merely passively implement policies created by elected officials; rather city managers may influence policy in multifaceted ways, thereby driving a need to further investigate individual influences upon policy formation.

The Black Man's Burden: The Cost of Colonization of French West Africa

Was colonization costly for France? Did French taxpayers contribute to colonies’ development? This article reveals that French West Africa's colonization took only 0.29 percent of French annual expenditures, including 0.24 percent for military and central administration and 0.05 percent for French West Africa's development. For West Africans, the contribution from French taxpayers was almost negligible: mainland France provided about 2 percent of French West Africa's revenue. In fact, colonization was a considerable burden for African taxpayers since French civil servants’ salaries absorbed a disproportionate share of local expenditures.