Handball Goalkeeper Intuitive Decision-Making: A Naturalistic Case Study

Goalkeepers hold a key position for success in team sports competitions. They perform in dynamical contexts and are highly submitted to time pressure. The purpose of this naturalistic case study, therefore, was to explore how a handball expert goalkeeper deals with the uncertainty of the competition settings to make successful decisions. An individual self-confrontation interview was held with a goalkeeper while he watched duels with potential throwers in an official competition. A mixed method was used combining the first-person and third-person point of view. Verbal data were supplemented by observational data (distance measures between the goalkeeper and the potential thrower) in 83 short accounts of decision-making situations. Qualitative analysis resulted in 419 units of salient features, in three types of processes related to the Recognition-Primed Decision model, and in four micro-decisions. Non-parametrical statistical analysis indicated that there was a significant effect of distances between the potential thrower and the goalkeeper, on the micro-decision categories, but not on the recognition processes. These results provide insights into cognitive contents and processes an expert goalkeeper can use under uncertainty and time pressure. The mixed method furnishes a meaningful description and a subsequent understanding of expert performances in sport.

Lessons from Lithuania: Teacher beliefs and behaviors in teaching young children to sing

The purpose of this naturalistic case study was to uncover beliefs and behaviors of successful teachers who produced excellent children’s singing in Lithuania. The research questions guiding the study were: What particular beliefs did music teachers hold about their ability to teach children to sing and the necessary components to teach children good singing? What specific behaviors did music teachers exhibit and embrace in public and singing school music classes to achieve good singing that is accurate, tuneful, resonant, expressive, and in head voice? In this naturalistic case study, data from informants ( N =18) consisted of interviews ( n = 12) and observations in their classrooms ( n = 22) and concerts ( n =7) in an urban area in a city in Lithuania. The conceptual framework underpinning the study was supported by the data, relating to their beliefs and behaviors about their knowledge and skill in teaching, their use of a variety of teaching strategies, and their use of highly sequenced literature. Of most importance was that they emphatically lived their beliefs in order to achieve success with children’s singing. Implications are offered that relate to music teacher preparation.