IN VIVO ANTIDIABETIC SCREENING OF KABAU (ARCHIDENDRON BUBALINUM (JACK) I. C NIELSEN) SEEDS

Objective: Study described the screening potential antidiabetic activity of kabau seed extract and fraction. Methods: The powdered crude drugs weighing 1349.32 grams were extracted with a solvent with solvents with escalating polarity by using soxhletation. The solvents used were n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and 96% ethanol. Screening activity using three variations on doses on the three extracts using the glucose test tolerance method, then the alloxan induction and high-fat feed induction testing methods using selected doses, decreasing blood glucose levels using the GOD PAP enzyme and decreasing MDA levels and increased levels of the enzyme SOD. Extracts that have potential antidiabetic activity are fractionated using liquid-solid fractionation; then the fraction is screened for antidiabetic activity using the glucose test tolerance method. Results: Screening for antidiabetic activity on the three extracts using the glucose test tolerance method showed that the ethanol extract at a dose of 250 mg/kg BW. The three extracts were then screened for the next mechanism using the alloxan induction method and high-fat feed induction, the decrease in blood sugar levels by the GOD-PAP method showed a good decrease in the ethanol extract by 202.94±2 mg/dl, the three extracts showed good less significant, in the SOD enzyme method, the ethanol extract gave a good value such as the positive control value. Testing on fraction can decrease in blood sugar; the results showed that the ethanol extract and methanol fraction gave a small AUC 0-150 (32695,3 and 33167,71), where the value was close to the result of the glibenclamide 30238,48. Conclusion: The antidiabetic activity of the extract showed that the ethanol extract was better with the glucose test tolerance method, with alloxan induction animal models and high-fat feed induction. In the methanol fraction derived from 96% ethanol extract, it provides a good reduction in blood sugar levels in the screening method with a glucose test tolerance

Uji Perbandingan Aktivitas Penyembuhan Luka Sayat Fraksi n-Heksan, Metanol, dan Ekstrak Daun Talas (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott)

Talas or taro leaf contains active compounds in the form of flavonoids and saponins that can accelerate the process of epidermal tissue re-epitalization and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the wound area. The purpose of this study was to compare the healing activities of the n-hexane fraction, methanol fraction, and taro leaf extract in New Zealand rabbits. The extraction method using maceration, the fractionation method used liquid-liquid partition with a separating funnel and the treatment method on test animals used was the application of the n-hexane fraction, methanol fraction, and taro leaf extract on open wounds of New Zealand rabbits with positive control and negative control. The data obtained is in the form of the value of open wound narrowing on the rabbit’s back. The result of the data were analyzed by ANOVA (Analysis Of Variant) followed by the LSD (Least Significant Different) test to see which treatment gave different effect in each group. The results of the research or testing for 14 days showed that the extract, n-hexane fraction, and methanol fraction had wound healing activity on the rabbit back with statistical data showing significant differences between treatment groups. The extract had the most optimal wound healing activity compared to other treatment groups.Keywords: talas leaf, extract, fraction, wound AbstrakDaun talas mengandung senyawa aktif berupa flavonoid dan saponin yang mampu mempercepat proses reepitalisasi jaringan epidermis dan infiltrasi sel-sel radang pada daerah luka. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu mengetahui perbandingan aktivitas penyembuhan luka terbuka fraksi n-heksan, fraksi metanol, dan ekstrak daun talas pada kelinci New Zealand. Metode ekstraksi menggunakan maserasi, metode fraksinasi menggunakan partisi cair-cair dengan corong pisah dan metode perlakuan pada hewan uji yang digunakan adalah pengolesan fraksi n-heksan, fraksi metanol, dan ekstrak daun talas pada luka terbuka kelinci New Zealand dengan kontrol positif dan kontrol negatif. Data yang didapatkan adalah berupa nilai penyempitan luka terbuka pada punggung kelinci. Hasil data dianalisis dengan ANOVA(Analysis Of Variant) yang dilanjutkan dengan uji LSD (Least Significant Different) untuk melihat perlakuan mana yang memberikan efek yang berbeda ditiap kelompok. Hasil penelitian atau pengujian selama 14 hari menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak, fraksi metanol, dan fraksi n-heksan mempunyai aktivitas penyembuhan luka pada punggung kelinci dengan data statistik yang menunjukkan adanya perbedaan signifikan antar kelompok perlakuan. Ekstrak mempunyai aktivitas daya sembuh luka yang paling optimal dibandingkan dengan kelompok perlakuan lain.Kata kunci : daun talas; ekstrak; fraksi; luka

Effect of Methanol Extract, Methanol Fraction, and N-Hexane Fraction of Parijoto Fruit (Medinilla speciosa) on Seminal Parameters and Testicular Weight of Male Sprague Dawley Rats

Infertility occurs in 2 million couples or 17% of couples who are married more than 2 years but are not pregnant or have signs of pregnancy. In couples who do not have children, 50% of male infertility factors are caused by abnormalities in semen. Empirically, parijoto fruits (Medinilla speciosa Blume) are used by the people of Kudus, Central Java, Indonesia to increase fertility. The purpose of this research was to find out the effect of methanol extract, methanol fraction, and n-hexane fraction of parijoto fruit (Medinilla speciosa) on seminal parameters and testicular weight of male Sprague Dawley rats. This research used 36 two-month-old Sprague Dawley rats with 200-300 gram of body weight which were divided into 6 groups. Group 1 (normal); groups 2, 3, and 4, used parijoto fruit methanol extract at 100mg/kgBW, 250mg/kgBW, and 500mg/kgBW doses respectively; groups 5 and 6 used methanol fraction and n-hexane fraction of parijoto fruit at 500 mg/kgBW dose respectively for 14 days. Rats were dissected and had examinations on sperm motility, morphology, abd testicular weight. The data were analyzed using Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney. The results found that groups 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 had mean spermatozoa motility (%) that were 56.5±2.43, 72.5±6.89, 77.6±12.99, 83.3±7.53, 84.7±3.98, and 74.2±11.58, mean spermatozoa morphology (%) that were 95.5±3.67, 95±2.76, 92.6±5.13, 96.5±3.27, 94.3±4.37, and 93.2±6.11, and mean testicular weight (gram) that were 1.08±0.10, 0.90±0.14, 0.98±0.10, 1.18±0.21, 1.28±0.43, and 1.02±0.13. There were significant differences between the normal group and all treatments (P <0.05) on spermatozoa motility. There was no significant difference on spermatozoa morphology and testicular weight. Based on the results, it can be concluded that methanol extract, methanol fraction, and n-hexane fraction of parijoto fruit can increase spermatozoa motility of male Sprague Dawley rats.

Inhibition of the α-glucosidase enzyme from Pelawan stem extract (Tristaniopsis merguensis Griff)

Diabetes mellitus continues to increase along with the increasing pattern of consuming ready-to-eat foods. The consequences of this habit will have a negative impact on the health of the body so that it can cause death. Treatment of diabetes mellitus is carried out in various ways, including administration of insulin and synthetic drug therapy. However, this medication has dangerous side effects. Therefore, research was carried out on Pelawan stems (Tristaniopsis merguensis Griff) which have the potential to be associated with secondary metabolites and bioactivity as antidiabetic so that they can be considered as raw material for herbal medicines in the future. total phenolic content of the methanol fraction of T. merguensis stems is 176.37 mg GAE/g DW. The total flavonoid content of the methanol fraction of T. merguensis stems is 9.85 mg QE/g DW. The results of the antidiabetic test for the methanol fraction of T. merguensis stems obtained an IC50 of 5.31 μg/mL. When viewed from the qualitative results of phenolics and flavonoids that have been carried out, it is likely that the activity of the α-glucosidase enzyme in this study is more influenced by polyphenolic compounds.

Hylocereus polyrhizus effect on catalase and malondialdehyde in rats with oxidative stress

The excessive production of free radicals causes oxidative damage and degenerative diseases. Whereas, catalase is a macromolecule with a specific activity, but Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a small molecule with no activity. The peels of red dragon fruit (H. polyrhizus) are potential to be natural exogenous antioxidants. This research aimed to determine the effects of methanol fraction from H. polyrhizus peels on catalase activity and MDA level. The peel was macerated using chloroform and fractionated using methanol. The stress condition was done through five-day fasting and ten-minute swimming per day. The activity of catalase and MDA was measured using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Thirty five rats were divided into 7 groups: normal, negative, dose I (5 mg/200gBW), dose II (10 mg/200gBW), dose III (20 mg/200gBW), positive control (quercetin) (4 mg/200gBW) and vitamin E (17.64 mg/kg). The activity of catalase in the normal, negative, vitamin E, and quercetin, dose I, II, and II respectively were: 28.37; 7.8; 24.85; 34.33; 59.92; 28.18; and 70.85 Unit/mL. The average MDA level in the groups respectively were: 0.042; 0.051; 0.034; 0.042; 0.037; 0.033; 0.030 μg/mL. The result of One Way ANOVA test showed that the catalase activity in dose III was significantly different than normal group; the MDA levels in all groups were significantly different than normal group. This research revealed that methanol fraction from H. polyrhizus peels is a potent antioxidant for its capacity to increase the activity of catalase and reduce the MDA level in rats with oxidative stress.

Withania Somnifera: Correlation of Phytoconstituents with Hypolipidemic and Cardioprotective Activities

Withania somnifera (WS) (Dunal) or Ashwagandha is a well-known hypolipidemic herb and antioxidant. In this study, 75% ethanolic extract of WS is attempted to evaluate the cardioprotective activity of isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity and hypolipidemic activity in Triton WR 1339-induced hyperlipidemia. In addition, phytochemical evaluation of the same extracts analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometer (GC–MS). This study found that 7 days of therapy with WS extracts at 1000 mg/kg b.wt. reduced cholesterol by 76%, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) by 71%, and TAG by 12% (P < 0.05). Furthermore, it can significantly reduce cholesterol and LDL levels (P < 0.05). Similarly, the use of 50 mg/kg b.wt. of WS extract showed a cardioprotective effect against isoproterenol-induced cardiac toxic rats. The antioxidants glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase are increased in WS extract (P < 0.05), whereas the release of cardiac indicators in heart tissue is reduced (P < 0.05). Furthermore, a 30-day treatment with WS also reduced triacylglycerol in isoprenaline-induced cardiotoxic rats. GC–MS analysis of the methanol fraction of the Ashwagandha 70% ethanolic extract showed the presence of higher concentrations of fatty acids. In conclusion, WS showed hypolipidemic and cardioprotective activities in diseased animals induced by isoproterenol and Triton WR 1339.

Phenolic Content, Antioxidant and 15-Lypoxygenase Inhibitory Effects of Daniellia oliveri (rolfe) Hutch. & Dalziel (Fabaceae)

Aims: The aim of this study is to evaluate the content of phenolic compounds, antioxidant and 15-lipoxygenase inhibition effects of methanolic extract and its fractions of Daniellia. oliveri stem bark. Place and Duration of Study: The work was carried out in the Department of Traditional Pharmacopoeia and Pharmacy (MEPHATRA / PH) of the Institute for Research in Health Sciences (IRSS) and LABIOCA from Université Joseph KI-ZERBO in Ouagadougou between February 2018 and June 2019 Methodology: The phytochemical screening and phenolic content were determined by the methods described in the literature. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,20-azinobis 3-ethylbenzoline-6-sulphonate), FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power), and lipid peroxidation (LPO). The anti-inflammatory activities were measured on the ability of the extract to inhibit the activity of enzymes such as 15-lipoxygenase Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, anthocyanosides, triterpenes and sterols. The extract and its fractions showed a good content of phenolic compounds with values ranging from 773.97 ± 22.91 to 505.51 mg EAG / g for total polyphenols; from 24.38 ± 0.34 to 12.04 ± 0.08 mg EQ / g in total flavonoids, 311.65 ± 6.70 to 221 ± 0.52 mg EC / g in condensed tannins; 681.81 ± 3.97 to 421.29 ± 8.73 mg EUA / g in total triterpenes and from 280.29 ± 21.72 to 222.04 ± 20.99 mg EC / g for total sterols. The methanol fraction showed the best antioxidant activity as well as the best inhibitory effect on 15-lipoxygenase activity. Conclusion: These results showed that Daniellia. oliveri possessed an antioxidant power, an inhibitory effect of 15 lipoxygenase. Daniellia oliveri could be used in the management of inflammatory pathologies and oxidative stress.

Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activities of leaves and roots of Rubus hyrcanus Juz.

Rubus hyrcanus Juz. (Rosaceae), known as Caspian blackberry, is wildly distributed around the Caspian Sea. This study focused on antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antibacterial activities of total extracts and different fractions from the roots and leaves of this species. The total phenolics and flavonoid contents were also evaluated. Finally, the phenolic profiles of selected fractions were determined using HPLC–DAD and LC–MS/MS. The results indicated that the total phenolics content (TPC) of root total extract (RTE) was 3.5 times that of leaves (340.4 and 102.7 mg GAE/g, respectively). The TPC of three root fractions ranged from 226.6 to 392.9 mg GAE/g, while in leaves fractions, it ranged between 68.3 and 101.8 mg GAE/g. The total extract of leaves had higher contents of total flavonoids than roots (70.5 and 8.9 mg QE/g, respectively). The methanol fractions of both parts had the highest amounts of flavonoids. The root methanol fraction (RMF) had the best antioxidant effect in both DPPH radical scavenging assay (IC50: 9.16 μg ml−1) and total antioxidant capacity test (1010.5 mg ɑTE/g). The RMF and RTE had potent antibacterial activities against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus (MIC 1.5 mg ml−1). In the MTT assay, ethyl acetate fractions of roots and leaves exhibited the best cytotoxicity (IC50 247 and 227 μg ml−1, respectively) and the highest selectivity indexes (4.73 and 5.31, respectively). Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, and chlorogenic acid in leaves ethyl acetate fraction, chlorogenic acid in leaves methanol fraction, and gallic acid in the root ethyl acetate fraction.