Genomic comparisons of Escherichia coli ST131 from Australia

Escherichia coli ST131 is a globally dispersed extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli lineage contributing significantly to hospital and community acquired urinary tract and bloodstream infections. Here we describe a detailed phylogenetic analysis of the whole genome sequences of 284 Australian ST131 E. coli isolates from diverse sources, including clinical, food and companion animals, wildlife and the environment. Our phylogeny and the results of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis show the typical ST131 clade distribution with clades A, B and C clearly displayed, but no niche associations were observed. Indeed, interspecies relatedness was a feature of this study. Thirty-five isolates (29 of human and six of wild bird origin) from clade A (32 fimH41, 2 fimH89, 1 fimH141) were observed to differ by an average of 76 SNPs. Forty-five isolates from clade C1 from four sources formed a cluster with an average of 46 SNPs. Within this cluster, human sourced isolates differed by approximately 37 SNPs from isolates sourced from canines, approximately 50 SNPs from isolates from wild birds, and approximately 52 SNPs from isolates from wastewater. Many ST131 carried resistance genes to multiple antibiotic classes and while 41 (14 %) contained the complete class one integron–integrase intI1, 128 (45 %) isolates harboured a truncated intI1 (462–1014 bp), highlighting the ongoing evolution of this element. The module intI1–dfrA17–aadA5–qacEΔ1–sul1–ORF–chrA–padR–IS1600–mphR–mrx–mphA, conferring resistance to trimethoprim, aminoglycosides, quaternary ammonium compounds, sulphonamides, chromate and macrolides, was the most common structure. Most (73 %) Australian ST131 isolates carry at least one extended spectrum β-lactamase gene, typically bla CTX-M-15 and bla CTX-M-27. Notably, dual parC-1aAB and gyrA-1AB fluoroquinolone resistant mutations, a unique feature of clade C ST131 isolates, were identified in some clade A isolates. The results of this study indicate that the the ST131 population in Australia carries diverse antimicrobial resistance genes and plasmid replicons and indicate cross-species movement of ST131 strains across diverse reservoirs.

Implementation of School-Based Management in Improving the Quality of Learning in the City of Bekasi

The importance of evaluating the implementation of School Based Management in providing innovative learning improvements in improving the quality of education, but the reality is that there are still elementary school educational institutions that do not know much about the benefits of implementing School-Based Management. The objectives of this study are 1) Determine the implementation of School-Based Management in improving the quality of learning; 2) Determine the factors supporting and inhibiting the implementation of School-Based Management in improving the quality of learning. Methods: The type of research used is descriptive qualitative research. The research data collection method was carried out by observation, interviews, and documents. Analysis of research data was carried out by presenting data, reducing, and drawing conclusions. The research location was conducted at one of the elementary schools in Bekasi City. Results: This study showed that 1) The implementation of school-based management was carried out through well-executed planning, organizing, implementing, and supervising management process by the essence of management in an autonomous, flexible, participatory, transparent and accountable manner; 2) Supporting factors, namely the role of the community, parents and committees in school activities, complete class teachers and almost all of them meet academic quality. Conclusion: The inhibiting factor is active, creative, effective, and fun learning which requires a lot of funds, time, and energy because it has to be prepared but in implementation, it can be handled properly.

Implementation of School-Based Management in Improving the Quality of Learning in the City of Bekasi

The importance of evaluating the implementation of School Based Management in providing innovative learning improvements in improving the quality of education, but the reality is that there are still elementary school educational institutions that do not know much about the benefits of implementing School-Based Management. The objectives of this study are 1) Determine the implementation of School-Based Management in improving the quality of learning; 2) Determine the factors supporting and inhibiting the implementation of School-Based Management in improving the quality of learning. Methods: The type of research used is descriptive qualitative research. The research data collection method was carried out by observation, interviews, and documents. Analysis of research data was carried out by presenting data, reducing, and drawing conclusions. The research location was conducted at one of the elementary schools in Bekasi City. Results: This study showed that 1) The implementation of school-based management was carried out through well-executed planning, organizing, implementing, and supervising management process by the essence of management in an autonomous, flexible, participatory, transparent and accountable manner; 2) Supporting factors, namely the role of the community, parents and committees in school activities, complete class teachers and almost all of them meet academic quality. Conclusion: The inhibiting factor is active, creative, effective, and fun learning which requires a lot of funds, time, and energy because it has to be prepared but in implementation, it can be handled properly.

A- Optimal Slope Design for Second Degree Kronecker Model Mixture Experiment With Four Ingredients With Application in Selected Fruits Blending

This study presents an investigation of an optimal slope design in the second degree Kronecker model for mixture experiments in four dimensions and its application in blending of selected fruits to prepare punch. The study centers around weighted centroid designs, with the second degree Kronecker model. This is guided by the fact that the class of weighted centroid designs is a complete class in the Kiefer Ordering. To overcome the problem of estimability, a concise coefficient matrix is defined that aid in selecting a maximal parameter subsystem for the Kronecker model. The information matrix of the design is obtained using a linear function of the moment matrices for the centroids and directly linked to the slope matrix. The discussion is based on Kronecker product algebra which clearly reflects the symmetries of the simplex experimental region. From the family of matrix means, a well-defined function is used to determine optimal values of the efficient developed design. Finally, a demonstration is provided for the case where the design is applied in fruit blending.

Unifying Decidable Entailments in Separation Logic with Inductive Definitions

The entailment problem $$\upvarphi \models \uppsi $$ φ ⊧ ψ in Separation Logic [12, 15], between separated conjunctions of equational ($$x \approx y$$ x ≈ y and $$x \not \approx y$$ x ≉ y ), spatial ($$x \mapsto (y_1,\ldots ,y_\upkappa )$$ x ↦ ( y 1 , … , y κ ) ) and predicate ($$p(x_1,\ldots ,x_n)$$ p ( x 1 , … , x n ) ) atoms, interpreted by a finite set of inductive rules, is undecidable in general. Certain restrictions on the set of inductive definitions lead to decidable classes of entailment problems. Currently, there are two such decidable classes, based on two restrictions, called establishment [10, 13, 14] and restrictedness [8], respectively. Both classes are shown to be in $$\mathsf {2\text {EXPTIME}}$$ 2 EXPTIME by the independent proofs from [14] and [8], respectively, and a many-one reduction of established to restricted entailment problems has been given [8]. In this paper, we strictly generalize the restricted class, by distinguishing the conditions that apply only to the left- ($$\upvarphi $$ φ ) and the right- ($$\uppsi $$ ψ ) hand side of entailments, respectively. We provide a many-one reduction of this generalized class, called safe, to the established class. Together with the reduction of established to restricted entailment problems, this new reduction closes the loop and shows that the three classes of entailment problems (respectively established, restricted and safe) form a single, unified, $$\mathsf {2\text {EXPTIME}}$$ 2 EXPTIME -complete class.

The Relationship Between Maxillary and Mandibular Base Lengths and Dental Crowding in Patients with True Class II Malocclusions

INTRODUCTION: Orthodontists, for a long time have considered that occlusion and facial beauty are so interdependent that they must be equal goals of treatment.AIM: To validate the relationship between maxillary and mandibular effective lengths and dental crowding in patients with Class II malocclusions. MATERIALS AND METHOD: A sample of 40 orthodontic patients with complete bilateral Class II malocclusions in the permanent dentition (25 males, 15 females) who were divided into two groups based on severity of pre-treatment mandibular anterior dental crowding. The maxillary and mandibular effective lengths and tooth-arch size discrepancies were measured on the pre-treatment Lateral cephalograms and initial casts, respectively. Intergroup comparisons of apical base lengths were assessed with independent t-tests. Correlation between effective length and dental crowding was assessed by Pearson's correlation coefficient (P <.05).RESULTS: Subjects with Class II malocclusion and moderate to severe crowding had significantly smaller maxillary and mandibular effective lengths compared with subjects without crowding and with minimal dental crowding. A weak inverse correlation was also found between maxillary and mandibular effective lengths and the severity of dental crowding. CONCLUSION: In patients with complete Class II malocclusion, decreased maxillary and mandibular effective lengths constitute a significant factor associated with dental crowding.

M -strings and AdS3 solutions to M-theory with small $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = (0, 4) supersymmetry

We construct a general class of (small) $$ \mathcal{N} $$ N = (0, 4) superconformal solutions in M-theory of the form AdS3× S3/ℤk× CY2, foliated over an interval. These solutions describe M-strings in M5-brane intersections. The M -strings support (0, 4) quiver CFTs that are in correspondence with our backgrounds. We compute the central charge and show that it scales linearly with the total number of M -strings. We introduce momentum charge, thus allowing for a description in terms of M(atrix) theory. Upon reduction to Type IIA, we find a new class of solutions with four Poincaré supercharges of the form AdS2× S3× CY2× ℐ , that we extend to the massive IIA case. We generalise our constructions to provide a complete class of AdS3 solutions to M-theory with (0,4) supersymmetry and SU(2) structure. We also construct new AdS2× S3× M4× ℐ solutions to massive IIA, with M4 a 4d Kähler manifold and four Poincaré supercharges.

Bounds on F-index of tricyclic graphs with fixed pendant vertices

The F-index F(G) of a graph G is obtained by the sum of cubes of the degrees of all the vertices in G. It is defined in the same paper of 1972 where the first and second Zagreb indices are introduced to study the structure-dependency of total π-electron energy. Recently, Furtula and Gutman [J. Math. Chem. 53 (2015), no. 4, 1184–1190] reinvestigated F-index and proved its various properties. A connected graph with order n and size m, such that m = n + 2, is called a tricyclic graph. In this paper, we characterize the extremal graphs and prove the ordering among the different subfamilies of graphs with respect to F-index in $\begin{array}{} \displaystyle {\it\Omega}^{\alpha}_n \end{array}$, where $\begin{array}{} \displaystyle {\it\Omega}^{\alpha}_n \end{array}$ is a complete class of tricyclic graphs with three, four, six and seven cycles, such that each graph has α ≥ 1 pendant vertices and n ≥ 16 + α order. Mainly, we prove the bounds (lower and upper) of F(G), i.e $$\begin{array}{} \displaystyle 8n+12\alpha +76\leq F(G)\leq 8(n-1)-7\alpha + (\alpha+6)^3 ~\mbox{for each}~ G\in {\it\Omega}^{\alpha}_n. \end{array}$$