The Role of Financial Behavior in Mediating the Influence of Socioeconomic Characteristic and Neuroticism Personality Traits on Financial Satisfaction

The inherent socioeconomic characteristics and personality traits of individuals can have direct effects on their financial satisfaction. There has been no research that examines the effects of these two factors on financial satisfaction with financial behavior acting as the mediating variable even though it is very important to know whether individuals with certain characteristics and personality traits are able to increase their financial satisfaction by improving their financial behavior. 2. Methods This research involved 600 respondents in Medan, Indonesia. The primary data were obtained from the questionnaire. Data analyses were performed by using the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) method. 3. Results and findings The test results show that at 5% of alpha, the financial behavior, which consists of investment behavior, debt behavior, and spending behavior, is able to mediate the effects of gender, age, level of education, income, and neuroticism traits on financial satisfaction. In addition, it is also found that the higher the individuals' scores on neuroticism are, the worse their investment, debt, and spending behaviors will be; however, their herding behavior and financial dissatisfaction increase. Moreover, these people are also not financially well-off. Keywords: Debt behavior, financial satisfaction, investment behavior, neuroticism personality traits, spending behavior.

Dental expenditure, Progressivity and Horizontal inequality in Chinese adults: Based on the 4th National Oral Health Epidemiology Survey

Background: The financial burden of oral diseases is getting more important. The aim of this study was to describe the dental expenditure, analyze its progressivity and horizontal inequality under the general health finance and insurance system, and identify the key social determinants of this inequality for Chinese adults. Methods: A secondary analysis used the data of 13,464 adults from the 4 th National Oral Health Epidemiological Survey (NOHES) in China was undertook. The dental expenditure in the past year divided into out-of-pocket and health insurance payments was collected. Horizontal inequality index and Kakwani index were used to analyze the horizontal inequality and progressivity, respectively. Decomposition of concentration index was made to explore the associated socioeconomic determinants. Results: Mean dental expenditure per capita of Chinese adults was $20.55 (95% Confidence Interval, CI: 18.83,22.26) and for those who used dental service in the past year, the number was $100.95(95%CI: 93.22,108.68). More than 90% of the expenditure was out-of-pocket. Horizontal inequality indices and Kakwani indices were both negative and that indicated inequalities were in favor of the rich. The socioeconomic factors including income, urban or rural area and educational attainment were the main contributors to the inequality of dental expenditure. Conclusion: Dental expenditure for Chinese adults was not too much under a pretty low utilization. The payments of dental expenditure were regressive. People with the most oral health need didn’t meet appropriate dental services. Socioeconomic characteristic including household income, area and education was the main determinant while oral hygiene practice and self-reported oral health were the main individual determinants for the inequality of dental expenditure.

Dental expenditure, Progressivity and Horizontal inequality in Chinese adults：Based on the 4th National Oral Health Epidemiology Survey

Background: The financial burden of oral diseases is getting more important. The aim of this study was to describe the dental expenditure, analyze its progressivity and horizontal inequality under the general health finance and insurance system, and identify the key social determinants of this inequality for Chinese adults. Methods: A secondary analysis used the data of 13,464 adults from the 4 th National Oral Health Epidemiological Survey (NOHES) in China was undertook. The dental expenditure in the past year divided into out-of-pocket and health insurance payments was collected. Horizontal inequality index and Kakwani index were used to analyze the horizontal inequality and progressivity, respectively. Decomposition of concentration index was made to explore the associated socioeconomic determinants. Results: Mean dental expenditure per capita of Chinese adults was $20.55 (95% CI: 18.83,22.26) and for those who used dental service in the past year, the number was $100.95(95%CI: 93.22,108.68). More than 90% of the expenditure was out-of-pocket. Horizontal inequality indices and Kakwani indices were both negative and that indicated inequalities were in favor of the rich. The socioeconomic factors including income, urban or rural area and educational attainment were the main contributors to the inequality of dental expenditure. Conclusion: Dental expenditure for Chinese adults was not too much under a pretty low utilization. The payments of dental expenditure were regressive. People with the most oral health need didn’t meet appropriate dental services. Socioeconomic characteristic including household income, area and education was the main determinant while oral hygiene practice and oral health status were the main individual determinants for the inequality of dental expenditure.

Value Chain Analysis of Artisanal Fishing in Ilaje Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria

To bridge the demand supply gap in the Nigerian fishing industry, the value chain analyses in artisanal fishing in the coastal area of Ondo States were investigated. Primary data was used in the study. Purposive sampling technique was used to select four fishing communities in Ilaje local government, where 35 (fishermen, processors and marketers) were each selected randomly from the communities. Data were analyzed using Descriptive Statistics and Gross Margin Analysis. The socioeconomic characteristic indicated that 68.6% of the fishermen, 77.2% processors and 65.7% marketers were less than 50 years of age. Result revealed that all the fishermen were male, 91.2 % processors and 97.10% marketers were female. 62.9% of the fishermen have household greater than 4, the processors has 54.3% household size above 4 and 60% of the marketers have household size above 4. 94.3% of the fishermen have one form of education or the other, 77.1% of the processors have one form of education or the other and 65.7% of the marketers were also educated. All the marketers are into one association or the other. Budgeting analysis indicated positive margin by the two categories of marketers was ₦300.54 and ₦1,866.00 per basket respectively, a net return of 1.04 and 1.30 respectively. Processors had a positive gross margin of ₦43.871.54 and a net return of 1.12. Most influential actor is the marketer.

The Determinants Factors of Biogas Technology Adoption in Cattle Farming: Evidences from Pati, Indonesia

Even though biogas technology has been introduced in Indonesia since 1990’s and having the potential, the rate of biogas adoption in Indonesia runs slowly. It is important to understand factors encouraging or discouraging potential adopters to build biogas plant. The development of livestock sector especially cattle farming in Indonesia can be seen as the opportunity to increase the rate of biogas adoption. This study investigated the factors affecting households of cattle farmer to adopt or not to adopt biogas technology. A cross-sectional research survey was carried out by using structured questionnaires as the primary tool to collect data from both biogas adopters and non biogas adopters in Pati regency, Indonesia. Socioeconomic characteristic of potential biogas adopters plays an important role to ensure the adoption of biogas technology sustainable. Socioeconomic characteristic regarding having high social status determines individual to adopt biogas relatively earlier than other members of a social system. Having high income and education enables traditional farmers to finance biogas plant by their own money or access aid from the government or other agencies. Among other attributes of innovation, relative advantage of installing biogas plant is the most determinant attribute to speed the rate of biogas adoption. Having biogas plant was perceived as better option and generated more benefits compared to previous technology or method.Article History: Received May 17th 2017; Received in revised form August 5th 2017; Accepted Sept 6th 2017; Available onlineHow to Cite This Article: Wahyudi, J. (2017) The Determinant Factors of Biogas Technology Adoption in Cattle Farming: Evidences from Pati, Indonesia, 6(3), 235-240.https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.6.3.235-240

Leveraging innovation and intrapreneurship as a source for organizational growth

Purpose Change is normal in a healthy economy, and is intrinsically driven by continued acquisition of new knowledge – both scientific and otherwise (Drucker, 1985). Continued acceleration of knowledge attainment provides context for what is arguably the twenty-first century’s single most critical socioeconomic characteristic: rapid change and continuous disruption of the free market (Carlson and Wilmot, 2006). In this unstable landscape, even the most resilient and successful companies, despite applying sound business management principles, are not immune to gradual erosion of their positions of growth and dominance (Christensen and Raynor, 2003). The life span of the average organization is shrinking, and a mainstay of past generations – “lifetime employment” – is no longer the status quo (Carlson and Wilmot, 2006, pp. 34-35). Design/methodology/approach Employees who wish to become leaders in the twenty-first century must develop the capability to exploit opportunities generated by the external pace of change and turn those opportunities into growth avenues for their organizations. Employees who master this process, and adopt the behaviors that drive it, will find themselves highly desirable to employers and in possession of a new version of the lifetime employment guarantee that stems from continuously creating value for their organizations. By understanding the relationship between innovation and organizational growth, organizations can better cultivate and leverage the multifaceted role that intrapreneurs can play in understanding the market, delivering value to the customer and formulating strategy. Findings Many organizations do not have the human resource capacities needed to create new growth. Managers at most established organizations have focused by necessity mainly on current operations. Doing this allows them and their employees to develop operational skills for solving problems related primarily to quality and cost-control, or to process implementation – but not for starting new growth areas (Christensen and Raynor, 2003, p. 179). While managers’ current responsibilities are important, this workload draws them away from focusing on new opportunities for the sake of monitoring current ones. The problems encountered and skills required for intrapreneurial action are very different from those needed to conduct “business as usual” operations; however, the capacity and skillset is critical to develop so that the organization as a whole can experience long-term growth. Therefore, organizations need intrapreneurial leaders who have learned and practiced these skills through experience – leaders who demonstrate not only a deep knowledge of their market and how to create new customer value, but also a sustained commitment to turning that knowledge into a real source of growth for their organization. Fortunately, there is incentive for both organizations and employees to progress in this direction. Originality/value Organizations will benefit from the longevity provided by new growth if they make efforts to promote and foster intrapreneurial behavior by their employees and managers. Managers and employees, in turn, will benefit by becoming leaders who find themselves more and more employable, as organizations shift to hiring people who possess intrapreneurial skills. The significant value here is that innovation facilitated by intrapreneurs practically enhances organizational growth overall. The result is a future of growth and opportunity for both individuals and organizations alike, in which both the knowledge and the passion of intrapreneurial leadership light the way through the unfamiliar business environment of the twenty-first century.