Electrochemical Polymerization and Biological Activity of 4-(Nicotinamido)-4-Oxo-2-Butenoic Acid as An Anticorrosion Coating on A 316L Stainless Steel Surface

In this study, poly4-(nicotinamido)-4-oxo-2-butenoic acid (PNOE) was prepared by the electro polymerization of 4-(nicotinamido)-4-oxo-2-butenoic acid (NOE) monomer on a 316 stainless steel (St.St) which acts as an anticorrosion coating. Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and cyclic voltammetry were used to diagnose the structure and the properties of the prepared polymer layer. The corrosion behavior of the uncoated and coated 316 St.St were evaluated by using an electro chemical polarization technique in 0.2 M hydrochloric acid solution as a corrosive medium at a temperature range of 293 to 323 K. Nano materials, such as nano ZnO and graphene were added in different concentrations to the monomer solution for improving the corrosion resistance of the 316 St.St surface. The results showed that the values of protection efficiencies of the polymeric coating were increased after adding the nano materials. The kinetic and thermodynamic activation parameters were also calculated and the biological activity of the polymer film against Gram negative and positive bacteria was studied.

RESTORATION OF MACHINE PARTS WITH GALVANIZED ZINC COATINGS

The article shows the role of electroplating in the restoration of parts, indicates the advantages of restoring parts with electroplating over other methods, and gives the characteristics and properties of coatings obtained by electroplating. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in increasing the speed of application of zinc electroplating when restoring parts. (Materials and methods) The cathode current density has a decisive influence on the coating speed. The main reason for limiting the cathode current density during galvanizing from sulfuric acid electrolytes is the chemical polarization of the cathode. The article presents a study on the designed installation for the application of galvanic coatings. When applying coatings to the internal surfaces of parts, there was used a device with activating elements having an electromechanical rotation drive. This device prevents depletion of the near-cathode layer of the electrolyte and reduces the chemical polarization of the cathode. Elements made of moisture-resistant skin were used as activators. (Results and discussion) The article presents the results of experiments as a dependence of the coating speed on the speed of the activator relative to the restoring surface. It also presents the relationship between the size of the abrasive grains of the activating elements, the force of their pressing against the cathode surface, the speed of movement of the activator and the speed of applying the zinc coating, as well as its quality. By activating the cathode surface, it was possible to raise the operating current density to 100-150 amperes per square decimeter. The speed of application of zinc coatings is 16-25 micrometers per minute. (Conclusions) In the course of research, authors determined the conditions of electrolysis during galvanizing, which provide a significant increase in the cathode current density and the rate of application of these coatings during the restoration of parts.

DETERMINATION OF THE MECHANISM OF PHENOMENAXY OF BENZOPHENONES WITH PHENOLS WITH THE HELP OF CNP EFFECTS

The study of elementary acts of charge transfer occurring in conjugated systems under photoirradiation conditions is the most important task of chemical physics. Such studies allow us to obtain new ideas about the directions of generation of radical and ion-radical structures and to form approaches to the transformation of photoenergy into other types of energy. The currently developed general theoretical framework for proton-electron transfer reactions (PETR) is applicable to a wide range of experimentally studied reactions in solutions, proteins and electrochemistry, which play a crucial role in various chemical and biological processes, including photosynthesis, various enzyme reactions and energy devices. Currently, there is a methodology for simulating mixed quantum and classical molecular dynamics for PETR reactions; moreover, non-adiabatic dynamics methods have been developed for modeling ultrafast nonequilibrium dynamics of photoinduced PETR reactions for model systems. This paper discusses the results of the study of elementary stages and a detailed analysis of the internal mechanisms of stable generation of radio emission in photochemical reactions using the effects of chemical polarization of nuclei using the example of phototransformations of benzophenones with various electron donors. According to the results of studies conducted in a modified sensor of a multi-core NMR spectrometer with simultaneous recording of the spectrum, detailed mechanisms and elementary acts of photoreduction of benzophenones with triethylamine, N, N-diethyl-p-toluidine and N, N-dimethylaniline, as well as phenols and aniline, were established. It was found that the benzophenone photoreduced in two stages (first electron transfer, then proton) or one (transfer of a hydrogen atom only).

RESEARCH OF ENVIRONMENTALLY CLEAN TECHNICAL DETERGENTS

Problematic places in the modern economy is reckless depletion of natural resources, raw materials and fuels, excessive using of energy and environmental issues. Solving these issues in the gas and chemical industry achieved by preventing formation of the deposits on the compressor’s elements, and also implementation of the non-waste and low-waste productions and alternative energy sources. The deposits on the internal elements of the gas-air channels results in a significant loss of power, increases energy costs, reduces operational reliability of plants, through the activation of corrosion and erosion. So actual is development of technical detergents based on environmentally friendly surfactants and inorganic ingredients that do not contain deficit fire dangerous light oils, and also have high washing ability and low corrosion activity. Effective and non-phosphatic ecologically safe technical detergents (TD) based on polymeric non-ionic surfactants have been developed, as the composite surfactant of multifunctional action CF-10 is considered. The interaction of nonionic surfactants with the ingredients of the contamination of gas turbine aggregates was studied by various physicochemical methods (spectrophotometry, IR spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance, electro-chemical polarization resistance method). Bibl. 10, Fig. 4.

Comparison of electroless Ni-P/ Ni-B on corrosion performance

This research work compares annealed and as-coated electroless Ni-P’s resistance to corrosion and electroless Ni-B coating prepared on the mild steel substrate. The coatings’ resistance to corrosion was estimated by Tafel electro chemical polarization method utilizing electrochemical analyser in 3.5wt % solution of Sodium Chloride. Both the coatings’ annealing temperatures were maintained at normal intervals to consider their corrosion resistance performance. Further, the corrosion behaviour of both the coatings with their as-coated and various annealed temperature were discussed for the deliberation of deposits phases, crystallite sizes and micro strain.

Development of Environmentally Acceptable Nano-Hybrid Coatings for Bio-Fouling Protection

Alternative coatings should be as effective as conventional paints but with lower toxicity. In the present study, a commercially available epoxy resin modified with non functionalized nanozinc oxide (nZnO) was examined to get information on its antifouling and anti-corrosive properties. Epoxy nanohybrid coating was synthesized using nZnO (in the amount of 0wt%, 1wt%, 3wt%, 5wt%, 7wt% and 10wt%) and diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) type of epoxy resin. The curing behavior of these materials was ascertained from FT-IR spectral studies. The anti-corrosive properties of the nanohybrid were investigated using salt spray and electro chemical polarization studies. The surface morphology images were taken by SEM analysis. This study indicates that nZnO particles were dispersed homogenously through the polymer matrix. The nZnO incorporated coating was found to exhibit enhanced anticorrosive performance. Approximately 50% reduction in fouling attachment was achieved with coatings containing 3wt% of nZnO.

Retention and Transport of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Drug Surrogate Molecules in Coronary Arteries Measured Nondestructively With Photoacoustic Ultrasound

The design and implementation of local drug delivery mechanisms in cardiovascular applications provides a method by which localized action can occur without potentially problematic systemic effects. This has been especially relevant in the case of drug-eluting stents (DESs). It has been previously shown that the degree of chemical polarization can significantly change the degree of transport and the degree of vascular retention of drugs. Understanding how these differences occur in real-time, and nondestructively, can better help guide the design of such pharmaceuticals. Previous work by our laboratory has indicated differences in transport based on location within the coronary tree (Fig. 1) [1].

Research on Polarization Curve and Anode Discharge Mechanism in Electrolysis Cells for Preparation of Al-Li Alloys

At 953K, anodic over voltage by electrolyzing LiCl and Li2CO3 were measured respectively by continuous pulse oscillograph method in a mixture fused salt of LiCl-LiF in a laboratory electrolyte cell and the change of polarization curve obtained was studied as well. According to kinetics of electrode process theory, we calculated and analyzed anode reaction mechanism and reaction rate-determining step. The results indicate that when over voltage entered into the Tafel zone with current density in range of 0.1 to 0.3A·cm-2, electrode reaction of LiCl is controlled by electrochemical polarization but electrode reaction of Li2CO3 is controlled by chemical polarization. With current density increase further beyond the Tafel zone (i>0.4A·cm-2), electrode reaction is changing gradually from dual control influenced by electrochemistry or chemistry united with concentration polarization to single concentration polarization. While electrolyzing Li2CO3, it is complexing oxygen ions discharging on carbon anode slowly that determine the whole electrode reaction rate.