The syntax of inner aspect in Hungarian

This paper is concerned with the syntactic representation of inner aspect in Hungarian. We contribute to the extant research on inner aspectual markers by providing an analysis of entailed versus implied telicity as well as the (non)maximality effects with which telic predicates are associated. Although we focus on the grammar of Hungarian, we also draw parallels between typologically different languages like Finno-Ugric (e.g. Hungarian and Finnish) and Germanic (e.g. English) regarding their inner aspectual marking strategies, and the interaction of inner aspect and case assignment.

English and Japanese Inner Aspect

The aim of the current paper is to revisit the topic of Inner Aspect, and explore it from two vantage points, taking both English and Japanese data into account. We will rely on Vendler’s classification of verbs, and use it so as to see whether the verb classes he introduced for English can also account for Japanese verbs. To do this, we will make use of a number of tests that Vendler as well as other authors have suggested. We will see that not all verbs can pass these tests, and that sometimes, in order for a verb to pass them, we have to entertain specific scenarios to allow them to do so. Lastly, we will turn our attention to the Japanese morpheme -te iru (the counterpart of the English -ing) and explore a specific interpretation that this morpheme allows in Japanese, interpretation which cannot be found in English: the state-result interpretation. The paper concludes with the argument that because the state-result reading is not available in English, then -ing morphology is appears to not be compatible with two verb classes: activities and achievements.

Wakaf Uang untuk Optimalisasi Pembiayaan Usaha Mikro Kecil dan Menengah (UMKM) Melalui Koperasi Syariah di Indonesia

Waqf is one of the Islamic law that concern people’s lives which is has a function for the community interest to obey to Allah SWT. In practice, waqf in Indonesia faces many hard problems, because commonly known as non-productive waqf. This research is aim to identify the priority factors that being a barrier to develop the practice of cash waqf on Small Medium Enterprises (SME) financing through Islamic Cooperation in Indonesia using Analytic Network Process (ANP) method. The result shows that the problems appeared in managing cash waqf in Indonesia divided into two important aspects; there is an internal and external aspect. The rank for most priority problems in inner aspect to less priority based on the priority result is the accountability aspect, human resources, and institutional challenge. The position for external issues based on the priority result is authority aspect and public aspect.

PENAFSIRAN SUFISTIK KH. SHALIH DARAT TERHADAP Q.S. AL-BAQARAH: 183

Sufi interpretation is an important part in expressing the meaning contained in the Qur’an, there is the meaning of outer and inner meaning. The meaning of outer is the outside of textual meaning that is the spiritual area. Sufi interpretation does not mean leaving the aspect of outer or aspects of language, but at the same time combing the inner aspect, this also happens in the book of Tafsir Fayd al-Rahman by KH. Shalih Darat. The intended orientation in Sufiinterpretation is more about overcoming mental problems that often forget the essence of essential life. The inner meaning will provide added value in matters of worship, especially in the interpretation of the letter (Q.S. al-Baqarah: 183). In interpreting the verse KH. Shalih Darat interprets the Isyari, so that the essential inner meaning is obtained to express the social dimensions that encourage the birth of empathy in the family, social, and among humans. So that the container in realizing superior social dimensions in the community needs to increase fasting both in terms of dhohir and in terms of the heart. The approach taken in this study uses a sufistic approach to the theory of Sufi Ishari and Isharah method (Devine Method). The results obtained from the interpretation of the verse parse about fasting there are four things, taqwa which manifests on the dimension of divinity and the human dimension of basyariah, manifests itself in the form of love between humans, disciplined life and tazqiyah al-Nafs.Keywords: Fasting, Tafsir Faidh al-Rahman, Sufistik Logic

Aspectual Classes

This chapter deals with meaning elements of the predicate that are mainly connected with temporal characteristics other than those, like tense, that are directly connected to the speech act. These are sometimes referred to as inner aspect, in contrast to outer aspect, which deals with temporal operators like Progressive, Perfect and Habitual. The chapter focuses in particular on the division of predicates into aspectual classes, such as states, activities, accomplishments, achievements, and semelfactives, and criteria for such classifications. There is also some discussion of the stage level/individual level distinction, and the theory introduced by the philosopher Donald Davidson that all predicates have an event argument. Most of the data are from English but there are examples from Slavonic languages and a number of other languages.

Inner Aspect Crosslinguistically

This chapter explores the nature of Inner Aspect by investigating non-culminating accomplishments languages. In these languages, the unmarked way of saying ‘x killed y’ does not entail that y is dead. Intriguingly, in many of these languages, the morphology needed to encode entailment brings with it other meanings such as extra effort, nonintentionality, suddenness. First, a syntactic account of the role of this morpheme posits a morphologically realized endpoint in Inner Aspect within the predicate. Then this account is compared to an alternate view that concentrates on the semantics of the construction and the modal meaning of the morpheme. Finally, it is argued that phonological evidence must also be taken into consideration in any further study. The goal of the chapter is not to provide any solution, but to raise awareness of the relevant issues.

PANDANGAN MANGKUNEGARA IV TENTANG SUFISME DAN FIQH

Mangkunegara IV thought, about four types of worship, among others; worship, caution (heart), worshiping the soul, the flavor is a synchronization between fiqh reasoning with sufism. His thoughts on the model of the application of the Shari'a of the Prophet (s), in harmony with the Mahmud Salthut, Shah Waliyullah, Ibn 'Abbad, and al-Kalabadzi, and the naqliah arguments which are used as references. The worldview of Sufism and Fiqh keeps the Qur'an and Hadith as a reference, but there are differences on the priority scale, Sufism is more emphasis on the inner aspect, while the Fiqh are more in the external aspect. At this point, Sufism and Fiqh are often different about the concept of right and wrong, and of course differ in the treatment of people of differing opinions, both within the same religious community, let alone different ones. Keywords: Mangkunegara IV, Worship, Sufism, Fiqh